S27E65: Europa's Secrets: Juno's Stunning New Discoveries

[00:00:00] This is SpaceTime Series 27 Episode 65 for broadcast on the 29th of May 2024.

[00:00:07] Coming up on SpaceTime… Intriguing new features discovered in new images of the Jovian ice moon

[00:00:13] Europa. A new model to explain the formation of free-floating planets. And the Mars Perseverance

[00:00:19] rover collects its 24th rock sample on the Red Planet. All that and more coming up on SpaceTime.

[00:00:27] Welcome to SpaceTime with Stuart Gary.

[00:00:47] New images of the Jovian ice moon Europa taken by NASA's Juno spacecraft have turned up some

[00:00:52] intriguing features. The new observations from the spacecraft's JunoCam visible light camera

[00:00:59] support the hypothesis that the icy crust that Europa's north and south poles is not where it

[00:01:04] used to be. Meanwhile, another high-resolution image of the icy moon, this one by Juno's stellar

[00:01:10] reference unit, has revealed signs of possible plume activity and an area of ice shell disruption

[00:01:16] where brine may have recently bubbled onto the surface from the moon's deep subsurface global

[00:01:22] liquid water ocean beneath. The findings, reported in the Planetary Science Journal, could provide

[00:01:27] opportunity for a spacecraft to collect samples of geyser material which may have originated in

[00:01:32] the underlying ocean. That would allow scientists to determine what the ocean is made of and whether

[00:01:38] it could support life. The new images represent the first high-resolution images taken of Europa

[00:01:45] since the Galileo spacecraft's last flyby in the year 2000. Juno made its closest flyby of Europa

[00:01:52] on September 29, 2022, coming to within 355 kilometers of the moon's frozen surface.

[00:02:00] Juno's ground track over Europa allowed imaging near the moon's equator. When analyzing the data,

[00:02:06] the JunoCam team found that along with the expected ice blocks, walls, scarps, ridges and

[00:02:11] troughs, the camera also captured irregular steep-wall depressions between 20 and 50 kilometers

[00:02:17] wide. They resemble large ovid pits previously already seen in imagery from other locations

[00:02:24] on Europa. These surface features have been associated with true polar wonder, a theory that

[00:02:30] Europa's outer shell is essentially free-floating on the surface of the underlying ocean and because

[00:02:37] of this it moves around from place to place. True polar wonder would occur if Europa's icy shell is

[00:02:43] decoupled from its rocky interior, resulting in high stress levels on the shell which lead to

[00:02:48] predictable fracture patterns. JunoCam co-investigator Candy Hansen from the Planetary

[00:02:54] Science Institute in Tucson, Arizona says it's the first time that these fracture patterns have been

[00:02:59] mapped in Europa's southern hemisphere, suggesting that true polar wonder's effect on Europa's surface

[00:03:05] geology is far more extensive than previously identified. The high-resolution JunoCam imagery

[00:03:11] has also been used to reclassify a formerly prominent surface feature from the Europa map.

[00:03:17] Hansen says that crater Gerwent is no more. What was once thought to be a 25-kilometer-wide impact

[00:03:23] crater, one of Europa's few documented impact craters in fact, was instead shown to be nothing

[00:03:29] more than a set of intersecting ridges that created an oval shadow. Although all five of

[00:03:34] these new Europa images from JunoCam are high resolution, the image from the spacecraft's

[00:03:39] black and white stellar reference unit offers the most detail. Designed to detect dim stars for

[00:03:46] navigation purposes, the stellar reference unit is sensitive to low light. To avoid over-lumination

[00:03:52] in the image, mission managers used the camera to snap night-side images of Europa while it was

[00:03:57] being lit only by sunlight scattered off Jupiter, a phenomenon known as Jupiter shine. This innovative

[00:04:03] approach to imaging allowed complex surface features to stand out, revealing intricate

[00:04:08] networks of cross-cutting ridges and dark stains from potential plumes of water vapor.

[00:04:14] Juno executed its 61st close flyby of Jupiter on May 12. Its 62nd flyby of the gas giant is scheduled

[00:04:22] for June 13 and includes an Io flyby at an altitude of 29,300 kilometers. One intriguing

[00:04:30] feature on Europa, which covers an area of 37 by 67 kilometers, has been nicknamed the Platypus

[00:04:36] because of its shape. Characterized by chaotic terrain with hummocks, prominent ridges, and dark

[00:04:41] reddish-brown material, the Platypus is the youngest feature in its neighborhood. Its northern

[00:04:47] torso and southern bill, for want of better terms, are connected by a fractured neck formation and

[00:04:53] interrupt the surrounding terrain with a lumpy matrix material containing numerous ice blocks

[00:04:58] up to seven kilometers wide. Ridge formations collapse into the feature at the edges of the

[00:05:03] Platypus. Now for the Juno team, these formations all help support the idea that Europa's ice shell

[00:05:10] may be giving way in specific locations where pockets of briny water from the subsurface ocean

[00:05:15] are present just beneath the surface. About 50 kilometers north of the Platypus is a set of

[00:05:21] double ridge features flanked by dark stains similar to features found elsewhere on Europa,

[00:05:26] which scientists have hypothesized could be cryovolcanic plume deposits. Taken together,

[00:05:32] these features are hinting at present-day surface activity. The Stellar Reference Unit's image

[00:05:37] is a high-quality baseline for specific places NASA's Europa Clipper mission and ESA's JUICE

[00:05:43] mission can target the search for signs of change and brine. JUICE, the Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer

[00:05:50] mission, is already a year into its eight-year journey. Launched back in April last year,

[00:05:55] the ESA mission will reach Jupiter in July 2031 to study Jupiter's three large icy moons, Callisto,

[00:06:02] Ganymede and Europa. It'll also look at the fiery volcanic world of Io and some of Jupiter's smaller

[00:06:09] moons, along with the gas giant's atmosphere, magnetosphere and rings. But the mission will

[00:06:15] have a special focus on Ganymede. Of course, the other big mission focusing on Jupiter will be the

[00:06:20] Europa Clipper, which as the name suggests will be targeting Europa and investigate whether the

[00:06:26] ice moon could have conditions suitable for life. It's scheduled to launch between August and October

[00:06:32] this year, arriving in the Jovian system in 2030. This report from NASA TV. Everywhere on Earth

[00:06:40] that there's water, there's life. We have several ocean worlds in our solar system and by exploring

[00:06:49] Europa we're getting a taste of what these ocean worlds are like. Europa is one of the moons of

[00:06:55] Jupiter. It's about the same size as our own moon, a little bit smaller, but it's so much different.

[00:07:02] It's an ice world. Europa probably has beneath its icy surface a global ocean of water.

[00:07:16] We think there are thermal vents in this vast subsurface ocean. There may be primitive

[00:07:22] organisms there similar to the original primitive organisms on Earth from which we all evolved.

[00:07:29] When we first discovered hydrothermal vents on our sea floors on the Earth, we also discovered life.

[00:07:35] There was no sunlight that was penetrating down that deep, but yet there was life living there.

[00:07:40] On Europa we're not looking for life itself, we're just looking for an environment in which life

[00:07:44] could thrive. I just love Europa's surface. I think it's one of the most complex surfaces

[00:07:50] in our solar system. Typically when you look at another planetary surface it's covered with

[00:07:54] craters just like our moon. There are very few, shockingly few impact craters. That means

[00:08:00] something is going on to erase the craters just like happens here on Earth, and on Earth we call

[00:08:06] that geology. One of the key questions right now that we have about Europa is whether or not there

[00:08:11] is plume activity. Plumes are one way that you can definitely get ocean material to the surface.

[00:08:17] We really need a spacecraft in the system that's watching Europa to see when those plumes are

[00:08:22] happening, if they're happening. The Europa Clipper mission will be the first in-depth exploration

[00:08:29] of an ocean world. Europa Clipper is orbiting Jupiter and it's performing 49 flybys of Europa,

[00:08:37] and the main reason it's doing that is to stay mostly outside of Jupiter's really intense

[00:08:44] radiation belts. Each time we make a flyby we turn on all of the instruments at once.

[00:08:50] Most of us know about cameras because that's what our eyes see, but there is a whole slew of other

[00:08:56] instruments on board Europa Clipper that expands our vision. We have four different instruments

[00:09:03] that we're really using to take images of Europa's surface. We have the visible wavelength,

[00:09:07] the near infrared, the far infrared, and the UV, the ultraviolet. We're hoping to see evidence

[00:09:13] of change, new cracks, new surface colors that indicate different materials maybe have moved

[00:09:18] around or come up from the subsurface. We have an instrument that can sniff the very thin atmosphere,

[00:09:26] the gases, and determine the composition with extreme precision. We're looking for signs of

[00:09:33] organics at Europa. Are there materials that contain carbon and hydrogen and oxygen and nitrogen?

[00:09:39] And we have another instrument that can tell us the composition of dust particles. We're pretty

[00:09:45] sure there are salts on Europa's surface, and those salts may have come out of the ocean. We want to

[00:09:50] understand what are those salts. We have a magnetometer and a plasma instrument that are

[00:09:55] going to be studying that magnetosphere environment that Europa is sitting in and Jupiter's

[00:10:00] magnetosphere environment. The magnetic field of Europa, in turn, can tell us about the properties

[00:10:07] of the ocean. How thick is it? And how salty is it? And then we have this novel ice-penetrating radar

[00:10:15] that will try to get below the ice shell. Last but not least, we have a gravity experiment using

[00:10:23] the communication system of the spacecraft. And from that, we can get essentially a map of the

[00:10:30] gravity field. We can get the shape, understand what's underneath, maybe even get some information

[00:10:36] on the depth of the ocean. It's really a sophisticated payload. So there really has not

[00:10:40] been a mission like Europa Clipper. The pictures that we are going to get back are going to be just

[00:10:45] fantastic. The legacy of Europa Clipper will be just a treasure trove of knowledge about this world.

[00:10:52] Just to find an environment that is similar to the one from which life arose on Earth would

[00:10:58] really be groundbreaking. It would be awesome. I have no idea what we are going to detect beneath

[00:11:03] Europa's icy surface, but all I know is it's going to be wonderful. We do this work of exploration

[00:11:10] for the next generation. We don't know if Earth is the only place that life got started or if it's

[00:11:17] really common. And a really important way to get at that is to understand, is there life elsewhere

[00:11:23] in our solar system? And in that report from NASA TV, we heard from Europa Clipper Project

[00:11:40] Scientist Robert Papalardo, Europa Clipper Deputy Project Scientist Bonnie Beratti,

[00:11:44] Europa Clipper Staff Scientist Kate Kraft from the Johns Hopkins Applied Physics Laboratory,

[00:11:49] Europa Clipper Staff Scientist Aaron Leonard, and Europa Clipper Investigation Scientist Sean Brooks.

[00:11:56] This is Space Time. Still to come, a new model for free-floating planets, and NASA's Perseverance

[00:12:03] rover collects its 24th sample of the red planet. All that and more still to come on Space Time.

[00:12:26] Astronomers believe that gravitational perturbations between stars in dense clusters

[00:12:31] could wind up flinging orbital planets out of their birth systems and into interstellar space.

[00:12:37] The recent discovery of a potentially new class of distant and mysterious free-floating Jupiter-sized

[00:12:42] planets by the James Webb Space Telescope has intrigued astronomers. These candidate rogue

[00:12:48] planets have been named Jupiter Mass Binary Objects, or JUMBOs. They seem to orbit one

[00:12:54] another as they float freely in space, unbound to any host stars. And that counters prevailing

[00:13:01] theories of how planetary systems were thought to work. Now a report in the journal Nature

[00:13:06] Astronomy suggests a new model to try and explain how these JUMBOs may have formed.

[00:13:11] The study's authors used advanced techniques known as direct-in-body simulations to explore

[00:13:16] how interactions within dense stellar clusters could lead to the ejection of giant planets that

[00:13:21] remain gravitationally bound to each other as they drift through the galaxy. The research offers

[00:13:26] a new model for how these enigmatic binaries may form, in the process filling a critical gap in

[00:13:32] science's understanding of planetary evolution. The simulations demonstrate that close stellar

[00:13:38] encounters can spontaneously eject pairs of giant planets from their original systems,

[00:13:43] leading them to orbit each other in deep space. The study's lead author, Yann Wang,

[00:13:48] from the University of Nevada, Las Vegas, says these findings could significantly alter science's

[00:13:53] perception of planetary dynamics and the diversity of planetary systems. The research suggests that

[00:13:59] such events are more likely to occur within densely populated star clusters, and as there

[00:14:04] are an awful lot of star clusters out there, it suggests that free-floating binary planets could

[00:14:09] be much more common than previously thought. The characteristics of these planetary pairs,

[00:14:14] such as their separation and orbital eccentricity, provides new insights into the violent

[00:14:19] environmental conditions that influence planetary formation. It introduces dynamic stellar

[00:14:25] interactions as an important factor in the development of unusual planetary systems,

[00:14:30] especially in dense stellar environments. The authors say that the new work broadens what

[00:14:35] astronomers already know about planetary formation and sets the stage for future observations with

[00:14:40] a Webb Space Telescope that could provide further evidence supporting the team's predictions.

[00:14:46] This is Space Time. Still to come, Perseverance collects its 24th rock sample on the Red Planet,

[00:14:52] and later in the Science Report, a new study warns that fish oil supplements have been associated

[00:14:58] with a 13% increased risk of developing atrial fibrillation. All that and more still to come

[00:15:04] on Space Time. NASA's Mars Perseverance rover has just collected its 24th rock core sample

[00:15:26] in Jezero crater. After investigating the high-standing bedrock at the Bunsen Peak

[00:15:31] workspace deep within the crater's margin unit, the unique nature and composition of this rock

[00:15:36] was deemed worthy of collection. Bunsen Peak is named after a prominent mountain in the Yellowstone

[00:15:41] National Park. They say the core is especially exciting because it appears to be composed

[00:15:46] primarily of two minerals, carbonate and silica. Carbonate and silica are both excellent minerals

[00:15:52] for preserving ancient signs of life. These minerals also have the potential to record

[00:15:57] the environmental conditions in which they formed, making them important minerals for understanding

[00:16:02] the habitability of Jezero crater billions of years ago, at a time when Mars was a warm,

[00:16:07] wet world compared to the freeze-dried desert it's become today. The presence of carbonate within the

[00:16:13] sample suggests that water, carbon dioxide and chemical elements derived from rocks and

[00:16:18] sediments in the area once reacted here to form carbonate. Carbonate minerals from Earth's rock

[00:16:24] record are often used to reconstruct ancient climate, including conditions like temperature,

[00:16:29] the amount of precipitation an area receives, or how arid it is, and the history of any life there.

[00:16:35] At the same time, silica phases form when water interacts with rocks and sediment.

[00:16:40] The composition and crystallinity of the silica can reveal the extent of the interaction with

[00:16:45] the water, such as the intensity or duration of its weathering and the pressure and temperature

[00:16:51] conditions during its formation. On Earth, biosignatures can be preserved in carbonate

[00:16:57] and silica for millions of years, even billions of years in the case of silica.

[00:17:01] In fact, some of the oldest evidence we have for life on Earth is from rocks containing

[00:17:05] fragments of microbial cells that were mineralized by silica, a fossilization process that entombs

[00:17:11] the residues of ancient life and protects them from degradation. So rocks containing these minerals

[00:17:17] are considered among the highest priority samples for investigating whether Jezero crater could

[00:17:22] have once been host to microbial life. Perseverance's 24th course samples from Bunsen Peak represents

[00:17:29] a significant milestone towards the collection of a scientifically diverse set of samples which

[00:17:34] will hopefully eventually be returned to Earth as part of a Mars sample return mission.

[00:17:40] With Rock Course Sample 24 now on board, Perseverance is pressing forward towards

[00:17:44] its next strategic objective, an investigation of a location known as Bright Angel, which is

[00:17:49] the light-toned outcrop of exposed ancient rock in the channel wall of the Nerativa Valleys.

[00:17:56] However, challenges may arise on this journey as the terrain ahead is littered with sharp boulders

[00:18:01] and sand that are proving difficult for the rover's auto-navigation system. It means mission managers

[00:18:07] are working hard to manually navigate this tricky terrain now that the Ingenuity rotocopter is no

[00:18:12] longer available to scout out the terrain ahead. This is Space Time, and time now to take another

[00:18:34] brief look at some of the other stories making use in science this week with a science report.

[00:18:39] A new study claims that while fish oil supplements can be beneficial for those with heart problems,

[00:18:44] their use has now been linked to the opposite effect for those with a healthy heart.

[00:18:49] The surprising findings reported in the British Medical Journal claim the evidence is mixed on

[00:18:54] the impact omega-3 fatty acids, or fish oil, has on the heart. So they track the heart health of

[00:19:00] over 400,000 middle-aged people over a decade and whether they use the supplements. The authors say

[00:19:05] that among those with a heart disease diagnosis at the start of the study, fish oil supplements were

[00:19:10] associated with a reduced risk of heart problems becoming more serious, such as leading to a heart

[00:19:15] attack or death. However, among participants with no heart problems at the start of the study, fish

[00:19:21] oil supplements were associated with a 13% increased risk of developing atrial fibrillation

[00:19:27] and a 5% increased risk of stroke. Researchers say their study doesn't show if fish oil is the cause

[00:19:33] of this increased risk, but it does suggest that fish oil may have a different role for different

[00:19:38] stages of heart disease progression. It seems a famous strip of ancient Egyptian pyramids

[00:19:45] could be a clue to pointing to a long-lost branch of the River Nile now buried under farmland and

[00:19:50] desert. A report in the journal Communications, Earth and Environment has found that 31 pyramids,

[00:19:56] including the famous Giza complex, have sat for over 4,700 years in a strip on the edge of the

[00:20:03] unlivable western desert. The authors say others have already speculated that the Nile likely once

[00:20:09] split into several more branches than it does now, and that one of these may have flowed by the

[00:20:14] pyramids. Using satellite imagery and surveys of the area, the researchers say they've now found

[00:20:20] evidence of river sediments beneath the surface, supporting the theory of a long-lost river branch.

[00:20:26] They say it's possible a major drought some 4,200 years ago led to the migration of the

[00:20:31] river and a buildup of sand which eventually buried this region. A new study has finally

[00:20:38] confirmed what we've all known for years. Twitter, under the control of left-wing activist Jack Dorsey,

[00:20:43] appeared to have been overlooking misinformation being posted by so-called super-spreaders.

[00:20:49] The findings reported in the journal PLOS One are based on an international study which analysed

[00:20:55] more than two million tweets over a 10-month period in 2020. That's before the platform was bought by

[00:21:01] Elon Musk and transformed into X. The team set out to analyse these tweets in order to build on

[00:21:07] previous research which found that a disproportionate amount of low-credibility content was being

[00:21:12] spread by a very small number of accounts. The analysis found that these so-called super-spreaders

[00:21:18] include pundits with large followings, low-credibility media outlets, personal accounts

[00:21:23] affiliated with those media outlets and a range of influences. They were primarily political in

[00:21:29] nature and used more toxic language than the typical user sharing misinformation. Of course

[00:21:35] it was under Jack Dorsey's management that Twitter was commonly regarded as social media's toilet door.

[00:21:41] The authors found evidence that Twitter was more lenient on super-spreaders who were verified

[00:21:45] and those who had large followings, and this was due to political pressure.

[00:21:51] There are growing concerns that Microsoft's new recall feature which monitors your every computer

[00:21:56] activity supposedly to bring you a quicker and more accurate search result actually makes it a

[00:22:02] lot easier to spy on your computer activities. The new artificial intelligence tool will be added to

[00:22:07] Windows 10 and 11 users remembering and understanding everything you do on your

[00:22:12] computer by taking constant screenshots. With the details we're joined by technology editor

[00:22:18] Alex Zaharov-Royd from TechAdvice Start Life. So they've launched their new CoPilot Plus PC

[00:22:24] initiative with Windows 11 that has this new recall feature which is cause controversy it

[00:22:29] will take snapshots screenshots of what you're doing presumably every few seconds if not more

[00:22:35] regularly and it will then encrypt those images process them locally not train them for advertising

[00:22:40] or AI external AI that is but it will be used internally we'll look at those images and if you

[00:22:45] search for an expensive handbag for your partner or some item of clothing or you've got a PowerPoint

[00:22:51] presentation that had some purple writing with an arrow on it but that's all you can remember

[00:22:57] about those particular things you'd be able to type those descriptions in and the AI can look

[00:23:02] through all the snapshots taken of all the things you've been looking at on your computer whilst

[00:23:05] you've been working and find those things for you in ways that a simple search wouldn't a quick

[00:23:10] search in history do the same thing not necessarily because you may not have the terminology blue dress

[00:23:16] in the web search that you had there because it may have been a particular brand of dress and

[00:23:20] it may not have had the description any of the information was searching but because it is

[00:23:25] many suspicious partners finding this particular application most useful well you are able to tell

[00:23:30] the AI not to look at certain things that you are looking at this moment you can turn the AI's

[00:23:36] ability to take snapshots off you can also delete anything that has been taken a record of but the

[00:23:41] whole idea is is that you can have this visual search based on images that the computer is

[00:23:46] taking what you're doing in a way that AI can give you that answer in a way that may be a normal

[00:23:52] description for something cannot because you may have worked on a document or an email a few weeks

[00:23:56] ago or days ago and we've all had the experience where we're trying to find that image or document

[00:24:00] or spreadsheet or whatever it is and we spend hours looking for it only to eventually find it

[00:24:05] sometime later this is meant to speed up that whole process thanks to AI and of course people

[00:24:10] are concerned what if those images are hacked but you can go back and slide yourself through a

[00:24:15] timeline of everything you've ever seen so you can look at it visually yourself and it's all meant

[00:24:19] to be encrypted and stored locally but look how soon this will be hacked by somebody and then

[00:24:23] every image that you've ever saved on the computer through that process being siphoned off is all yet

[00:24:29] to be seen. Apple they're just launching new operating systems and updates for their devices

[00:24:33] a couple weeks ago they launched all these new updates with plenty of bug fixes to close up

[00:24:38] security vulnerabilities that if you haven't updated and the bad guys target you with some

[00:24:43] sort of an app or something to basically try and break into your phone well the 17.5 for example

[00:24:49] on iPhone and iPad closes those holes but there was a bug in 17.5 that allowed older photos you

[00:24:55] had deleted you know there could have been personal photos you wanted nobody else to see or just

[00:24:58] photos you remember that you deleted a long time ago and suddenly they're reappearing under 17.5.

[00:25:03] Now the 17.5.1 update closes this bug but I thought if you deleted photos permanently off

[00:25:09] all your devices including iCloud why are they suddenly reappearing so Apple hasn't specifically

[00:25:14] officially explained why other than some sort of a database corruption which sounds a bit nefarious

[00:25:18] but if you upload something to the cloud is it ever truly deleted is it at the NSA somewhere

[00:25:24] is there a backup copy on a bunch of different servers that Apple and Microsoft and Google have

[00:25:28] to make sure that if anything ever goes wrong they can get your data back well are they keeping

[00:25:32] copy city data so a bit of a weird one from Apple here to have these photos yes well yes it seems it

[00:25:37] could be the case the name Nokia's resurfaced and they've launched some new Android smartphones

[00:25:42] yeah Nokia actually resurfaced with their smartphones two or three years ago but they

[00:25:46] did it through a company called HMD called Human Mobile Devices and Nokia's new Android phones

[00:25:51] have been quite a hit they were bringing back the Nokia brand name and the quality and they

[00:25:56] relaunched some of the feature phones the flip phones the candy bar phones and the company has

[00:26:02] been doing very well and even introduced phones that you could buy a kit from iFixit for about

[00:26:06] 50 bucks to price open your phone takes longer than just peeling off the old Nokia cases of

[00:26:11] old from 20 years ago but you could pull the phone apart and then from iFixit you could order a

[00:26:16] screen or a replacement screen for 75 dollars a battery for around the same price a little USB-C

[00:26:21] port if they got somehow damaged and so Nokia has made phones that have been very easy to repair

[00:26:26] which is really important because no one else is doing that you've got to take it to your Apple or

[00:26:29] Samsung store and they charge you a lot more money and the HMD brand has decided that yes it's still

[00:26:35] selling Nokia phones but for its lower end devices it's going to go with the brand name HMD so they

[00:26:40] have the Pulse, Pulse Plus and Pulse Pro they're $229 in Australian dollars $259 and $299 so very

[00:26:46] affordable obviously they will not have the AI super smarts of the Galaxy S24 range they won't

[00:26:50] be as performant as an iPhone 15 for example but for the money they will do everything you need

[00:26:56] it to do the phone calls, the apps, the ways, all the different emails everything sort of

[00:27:00] the standard person would want to do and they have 50 megapixel front and back cameras large screens

[00:27:05] and of course they're easily repairable and they have this great value proposition that you know

[00:27:09] it only has two years of Android updates whereas Samsung has four years Google has seven years for

[00:27:14] example on its different devices I think Samsung has more on its flagships five or seven years as

[00:27:18] well but if you're only paying $299 for the phone then in a couple of years you don't mind spending

[00:27:22] another $299 to get whatever the newest one is at that time so yes not as powerful as the newest

[00:27:27] device there's none of the AI bells and whistles aside from within the camera but a push towards

[00:27:32] inexpensive affordable repairability. That's Oleg Zaharov-Royd from TechAdvice.life and that's the

[00:27:54] show for now. Space Time is available every Monday, Wednesday and Friday through Apple Podcasts

[00:28:00] iTunes, Stitcher, Google Podcasts, Pocket Casts, Spotify, Acast, Amazon Music, Bytes.com, SoundCloud,

[00:28:09] YouTube, your favorite podcast download provider and from spacetimewithstuartgarry.com. Space

[00:28:16] Time is also broadcast through the National Science Foundation on Science Zone Radio

[00:28:20] and on both iHeart Radio and TuneIn Radio and you can help to support our show by visiting

[00:28:26] the Space Time store for a range of promotional merchandising goodies or by becoming a Space

[00:28:31] Time patron which gives you access to triple episode commercial free versions of the show

[00:28:36] as well as lots of bonus audio content which doesn't go to air, access to our exclusive

[00:28:41] Facebook group and other rewards. Just go to spacetimewithstuartgarry.com for full details

[00:28:47] and if you want more Space Time please check out our blog where you'll find all the stuff we couldn't

[00:28:52] fit in the show as well as heaps of images, news stories, loads of videos and things on the web I

[00:28:58] find interesting or amusing. Just go to spacetimewithstuartgarry.tumblr.com. That's all one word

[00:29:05] and that's Tumblr without the e. You can also follow us through at Stuart Garry on Twitter,

[00:29:10] at Spacetime with Stuart Garry on Instagram, through our Space Time YouTube channel and on

[00:29:16] Facebook just go to facebook.com forward slash spacetimewithstuartgarry. You've been listening

[00:29:22] to Space Time with Stuart Garry. This has been another quality podcast production from bytes.com