S27E43: Galactic Ghosts: Unveiling the Milky Way's Dimmest Satellite System

[00:00:00] This is SpaceTime Series 27 Episode 43 for broadcast on the 8th of April 2024.

[00:00:07] Coming up on SpaceTime. Discovery of the faintest known star system orbiting the Milky Way Galaxy.

[00:00:14] Queensland's Bowen Orbital Space Board officially opened for business.

[00:00:18] Meanwhile over in South Australia Southern Launch are getting ready for their next test flight.

[00:00:23] All that and more coming up on SpaceTime.

[00:00:26] Welcome to SpaceTime with Stuart Gary.

[00:00:47] Astronomers have detected an ancient star system

[00:00:50] opening around the Milky Way Galaxy which has set a new record as the faintest and lowest mass star

[00:00:56] system ever discovered. The finding reported in the astrophysical journal has been named

[00:01:02] Ursa Major 3 Unions 1 and it may well be one of the most dark matter dominated star systems

[00:01:09] ever known. Ursa Major 3 Unions 1 is located in the direction of the constellation Ursa Major

[00:01:15] the Great Bear which is also home to the Big Dipper. The studies lead author Simon Smith from

[00:01:21] the University of Victoria says that this star system or galaxy whatever it is is in our cosmic

[00:01:26] backyard relatively speaking and located just 30,000 light years away. It's escaped

[00:01:32] detection until now because of its extremely low luminosity. Observations reveal the star

[00:01:38] system's tiny it only has about 60 stars that are over 10 billion years old. It's spanning just

[00:01:45] 10 light years across and it has an extremely low mass just 16 times that of the Sun that's for

[00:01:51] the entire system making it some 15 times less massive than the faintest suspected dwarf galaxy.

[00:01:57] It was first detected in data obtained by the Union's ultraviolet near infrared optical

[00:02:03] northern survey which is conducted on the Canada France Hawaii telescope and on pan stars.

[00:02:09] The team then decided to study the star system in more detail using the Keck Observatory's deep

[00:02:14] imaging multi-object spectrometer Demos confirming that Ursa Major 3 Unions 1 is indeed a gravitationally

[00:02:21] bound system either a dwarf galaxy or a star cluster. The thing is there are so few stars

[00:02:27] in the system that one might reasonably question whether or not it's just simply a chance

[00:02:31] grouping of similar stars and that's where Keck came in. Its massive 10-meter twin telescopes

[00:02:38] and Demos spectrometer were able to determine that this was not the case. The Demos measurements

[00:02:43] clearly show that all the stars in the system are moving through space at similar velocities

[00:02:48] and appear to share similar chemistries. A tentative spread of velocities among the

[00:02:53] stars in the system supports the conclusion that Ursa Major 3 Unions 1 is in fact a dark

[00:02:58] matter dominated galaxy, a tantalizing possibility which the authors have to scrutinize with more

[00:03:04] Keck observations. The big question now is how the stars in the system manage to stay together in such

[00:03:10] a tight-knit group for so long and one possible explanation for this is that dark matter is

[00:03:16] keeping them together. Still the object's so low mass its long-term survival is surprising.

[00:03:23] See one might have reasonably expected that the harsh gravitational tidal forces of the

[00:03:27] Milky Way may well have ripped the system apart by now leaving no discernable remnant.

[00:03:33] But the very fact that the system still appears to be intact leads to two equally interesting

[00:03:38] possibilities. Either Ursa Major 3 Unions 1 is a tiny galaxy stabilized by large amounts of dark

[00:03:45] matter or it's a star cluster being observed just before its eminent demise. With a former

[00:03:51] scenario achieving direct confirmation that Ursa Major 3 Unions 1 is a faint ancient dark

[00:03:57] matter dominated satellite star system would be important as it would support a prediction in the

[00:04:02] leading theory of the universe's origin. You see under the lambda-cold dark matter model which is

[00:04:08] the preferred and accepted model for the universe right now astronomers hypothesize that when

[00:04:14] galaxies like the Milky Way first formed they created a gravitational pull during their

[00:04:19] assembly process and that attracted hundreds of satellite star systems which continue to

[00:04:24] orbit the galaxies today. The authors say this discovery could be the tip of the iceberg.

[00:04:29] It could be the first example of a new class of extremely faint stellar systems which have

[00:04:34] eluded detection until now. Conclusive evidence for the presence or lack of dark matter in Ursa

[00:04:40] Major 3 Unions 1 will be key in determining whether the star system is a dwarf galaxy

[00:04:46] or a star cluster. Until this classification becomes clear Ursa Major 3 Unions 1 will

[00:04:51] continue to have two names. The ultra-faint Milky Way galaxies are typically named after the constellation

[00:04:58] they're discovered in, in this case Ursa Major hence the name Ursa Major 3. Whereas ultra-faint

[00:05:04] star clusters are generally named after the survey project which discovered them, in this case

[00:05:09] Unions. While the star system's identity is still ambiguous Ursa Major 3 Unions 1 paves the

[00:05:15] way for a new perspective on cosmology. Smith says the discovery may challenge

[00:05:21] science's understanding of galaxy formation and perhaps even the definition of exactly what a galaxy is.

[00:05:29] This is space time. Still to come Queensland's Bowen Orbital Spaceport opened for business

[00:05:35] meanwhile over in South Australia Southern launch are getting ready for their next test flight.

[00:05:41] All that and more still to come on spacetime.

[00:05:46] Australia's first privately operated orbital space launch facility has been formally opened at Abbot

[00:06:06] Point near Bowen on the Queensland tropical Pacific coast. The complex is expected to undertake its

[00:06:12] first launch next month with the Gilmore Space Aries rocket to undertake its maiden flight. The 23

[00:06:18] metre tall 35 ton 3 stage Aries rocket is capable of launching payloads of over 300 kilograms into a

[00:06:25] 500 kilometre high low earth equatorial orbit. The Aries Block 1 launch vehicle contains a

[00:06:31] hybrid propulsion system for its first and second stages and a liquid propulsion system for its

[00:06:36] third stage. Gilmore is one of only three launch providers in the world to have their own dedicated

[00:06:42] launch sites that will ensure a constant launch cadence once the rocket successfully achieved

[00:06:47] orbit. The Bowen Orbital Spaceport will launch eastwards over the with Sundays. Aries test

[00:06:53] flight ones targeted to launch in coming weeks pending final approval and a launch permit

[00:06:58] from the Australian Space Agency. Gilmore Space CEO Adam Gilmore is predicting a bright

[00:07:03] future. He says there aren't enough rockets to take up the tens of thousands of satellites

[00:07:08] now looking for launch windows in the next five years and Aries will help close that gap.

[00:07:14] Of course in a way all this is sort of deja vu. See Australia became the third nation on earth

[00:07:21] to launch a locally built satellite from their own soil way back on November 29th 1967.

[00:07:28] The only ones to achieve the feat ahead of Australia were the Soviet Union and the United States.

[00:07:34] Back then the spacecraft launched was the weapons research establishment satellite

[00:07:37] Resat which was launched from the Womera rocket range in Outback South Australia.

[00:07:42] Womera is still there and it's still launching rockets but it's mainly used as a military test

[00:07:47] facility. But back then at the time of the Resat launch Womera was the second busiest

[00:07:52] space port in the world after Cape Canaveral. Of course that launch back in 1967 was aboard an

[00:07:58] American Redstone Sparta rocket which was developed as part of a joint Australian US-UK space project.

[00:08:05] Aries on the other hand is the first Australian made rocket specifically designed to launch

[00:08:10] commercial satellites into orbit. Only 12 other nations have their own orbit launch capability

[00:08:16] and Gilmore Space plans a series of launches with the aim of becoming Lucky 13.

[00:08:22] Of course when you think about it space is hard. It took SpaceX now the most successful launch

[00:08:27] operator in the world for launch attempts before they were able to achieve their first orbit.

[00:08:32] Aries lead mission manager Matt Kinchetti says with the spaceport now open for business and

[00:08:37] the Aries rocket fully assembled on site the countdown to launch is underway.

[00:08:42] It's been a great period for us we've kind of come through the bulk of our kind of preparations

[00:08:46] we've had pretty dedicated team up there for a couple of months now and they've been working

[00:08:49] on a variety of things the rocket's been up there undergoing a bunch of testing but probably the most

[00:08:54] kind of consequential thing that's happened up in Bowen is we've actually been approved for our

[00:08:58] launch facility license which is the first of its kind in Australia so that allows us to launch

[00:09:02] our Aries launch vehicle up into orbit and it's really the first commercial orbital launch

[00:09:07] facility license that's ever been granted in Australia. So our team up at the launch

[00:09:10] site have been working for a really long time with the Australian Space Agency to give the

[00:09:14] agency the confidence that we're capable of operating the facility and give us a really

[00:09:18] good pathway into the first launch. And at this stage is that still likely to occur this year?

[00:09:22] Yeah absolutely we're kind of starting to close in on some of those final activities

[00:09:26] unnecessary for us to get to that first launch so we're targeting over the next kind of month or

[00:09:31] so so a lot of the outstanding actions in relation to getting to that first launcher associated

[00:09:35] now with the launch vehicle obviously our facility the launch facility itself at the

[00:09:39] Bowen orbital spaceport is now ready to go so a lot of those those kind of final activities

[00:09:43] are in relation to the launch vehicle we're doing a lot of those kind of final testing

[00:09:47] activities we call them verification activities we do a lot of testing on the launch vehicle

[00:09:51] either at the subsystem level or then assembling it all together and doing though that testing at

[00:09:55] the system level and then commissioning all of the ground launch systems that are required to

[00:09:59] facilitate the launch over the coming period as well so we're in that kind of closing period

[00:10:03] now doing a lot of those final checks in preparation for the launch and then also

[00:10:07] working with the Australian Space Agency to get the we've got the launch facility

[00:10:11] license but we also need an Australian launch permit to allow us to get to

[00:10:15] that first mission so we're working very closely with the Australian Space Agency to close out a

[00:10:19] lot of those action items so exactly what is there at Bowen at the moment we've got most of our

[00:10:24] equipment that's necessary for the launch is up there at the moment so in addition to all the

[00:10:28] people the rocket itself is up there we've obviously got a variety of different areas around the

[00:10:33] Bowen orbital spaceport comprised within that is kind of the vehicle assembly building where we

[00:10:37] do a lot of those testing activities where we configure the launch vehicle for that flight

[00:10:42] and then we have in kind of adjacent to the vehicle assembly building we have what we call

[00:10:48] it's a big raceway that leads down to the launch pad and then at the end of that launch pad is what

[00:10:54] we call our ground launch system which has all a giant fluid tower which allows us to engage

[00:10:59] directly with the rocket when it's in the vertical position we have a giant transport

[00:11:03] erector which we've designed which allows us to take the rocket from the horizontal

[00:11:07] position up into the vertical position and then in addition to that we have a variety of equipment

[00:11:12] that allow us to speak with the rocket when it's either on the pad or during the mission when it's

[00:11:17] in the flight so to do that we have a launch control center which is located several kilometers away

[00:11:22] from the actual launch pad itself allowing us to be at a safe distance during the

[00:11:26] launch countdown and during the mission and that allows us to control the rocket

[00:11:30] directly from a safe distance while also making and monitoring allowing us to monitor

[00:11:35] the launch vehicle and all the systems on board the vehicle to make sure that everything is going

[00:11:39] to plan when we are kind of conducting that launch countdown. Do you have your own weather

[00:11:43] station or do you rely on bomb how does all that work? It's a bit of an interesting relationship

[00:11:47] we try and do as much as we can ourselves but obviously this is a this is a an activity that

[00:11:52] requires us to engage with a whole bunch of different stakeholders throughout industry

[00:11:56] whether they be regulators at different spaces whether it may be the bombs so we're

[00:12:00] releasing as many kind of weather stations whether radios on balloons to gather data about

[00:12:05] the environmental conditions and the weather to inform our go-no-gro criteria for the rocket

[00:12:10] obviously that's a crucial part of that final decision to launch and then in addition to that

[00:12:14] we're kind of engaging with a whole host of different stakeholders we're engaging very

[00:12:18] closely with the bomb who are providing weather prediction models that we can use to inform

[00:12:22] what days are going to be good or not so good for launch we also engage quite closely with

[00:12:26] some of the surrounding aerodromes and airports that have been collecting data for a long time so

[00:12:32] we use that data in our assessment of availability of the launch vehicle how many of the days are

[00:12:36] we expecting to have good weather conditions versus not so good weather conditions and we

[00:12:40] factor that into our assessment of a given flight safety to make sure that when we do

[00:12:44] eventually commit to that launch all of those weather conditions have been factored into

[00:12:48] the safety picture making sure that we're not opposing any risk to third parties. And tell us

[00:12:52] about the Ares rocket itself the launch pad's been specially designed for that rocket. So the

[00:12:57] rocket is the first of its kind in the world it's a three stage rocket each stage does its job and

[00:13:01] then returns back to the earth to leave the other stages to progress the space it's a new kind of

[00:13:06] technology that's never been put into orbit before so it's a hybrid rocket and that means that

[00:13:10] it has a liquid oxidizer paired with a solid fuel grain and that results in a configuration

[00:13:14] that's much less explosive much less likely to react on the pad and create explosive anomalies

[00:13:20] or anything like that makes it a lot safer and the intent of the rocket is really it's a commercial

[00:13:24] launch so it's the first of its kind to attempt to reach orbit and eventually over time will start

[00:13:29] to be servicing commercial customers commercial entities who are looking to deploy a satellite

[00:13:34] on orbit and establish their capability in space. With a hybrid system like this can you

[00:13:39] control throttle performance during the launch or you sort of like with most solid rocket

[00:13:43] engines committed to full power all the time? It depends generally we'll have a set profile

[00:13:48] that we'll look to follow so we'll generally just throttle it up to a maximum but throughout the mission

[00:13:53] we do have the ability to terminate for us at any point in time so generally speaking we'll just

[00:13:58] throttle it up to the maximum capacity that we need necessarily for that particular mission

[00:14:02] extract as much energy as we possibly can throughout the duration of the first stage or

[00:14:05] second stage burn and then there are some caveats today in terms of how the vehicle

[00:14:09] will perform over time as it uses up some of that propellants to facilitate control

[00:14:13] of the launch vehicle so there is a little bit of variability there but generally speaking

[00:14:17] we do throw it up to the maximum. What about payload capacity? How much can you lift and how high can you go?

[00:14:22] It really depends on the conditions of the day during the mission the wind conditions and what we do is

[00:14:27] the kind of wind biasing which will allow us to control the rocket at different margins. It also

[00:14:31] depends on the inclination that we're looking to hit as well so the closer you are to the

[00:14:35] equator and the closer you are to following the earth rotation the more capacity you're able

[00:14:39] to produce because you're getting an extra little boost from the earth so at the moment

[00:14:42] we're targeting quite a modest kind of payload we're looking to put up roughly 100 kilos or so

[00:14:47] to 500 kilometers for our commercial customers in the coming missions as we start to service those

[00:14:51] commercial customers and over time we've got a pretty steady growth path of performance

[00:14:56] improvements that we're looking to add to the vehicle and those performance improvements are

[00:14:59] going to address different things on the launch vehicle some of it's going to be related to

[00:15:03] reliability improving the reliability of the launch vehicle and some of it's going to be

[00:15:07] related to performance putting more mass higher up in orbit and servicing different missions

[00:15:10] about potential customers. How does what Gilmore space are doing at Bowen

[00:15:15] differ from what's happening say with Southern Launch or with Equatorial Launch Australia?

[00:15:20] Yeah so we have slightly different business models each of us are kind of targeting a

[00:15:23] different segment of the market so Gilmore Space's primary focus is on kind of developing our

[00:15:28] own launcher and launching it ourselves whereas Southern Launch and Equatorial Launch Australia

[00:15:33] are rather intending to be the service provider and the launch facility provider

[00:15:37] to overseas customers who want to launch their own launch vehicles so our business is very much

[00:15:42] more directed towards servicing the satellite customers themselves and we do that by providing

[00:15:47] a comprehensive package so that comprises of the launch facility from which you are able to

[00:15:52] launch as well as the launch vehicle as well as all of the associated services that are

[00:15:56] necessary to get a satellite up into orbit so we will support a customer through their design

[00:16:00] process and qualification process making sure that they're well equipped and ready to fly on

[00:16:05] our launch vehicle and so it's kind of an end-to-end comprehensive service for a satellite customer

[00:16:09] who really at the end of the day just wants that capability up in space on orbit addressing the

[00:16:14] problems that they're seeking to address. It sounds very much like a similar model to what

[00:16:17] Rocket Lab have with their Electron out of New Zealand. Yeah look there's certainly similarities

[00:16:21] across the industry as we do feel that there's really room for everyone at the moment

[00:16:25] there's a real bottleneck in the launch industry for people who are looking to get capability

[00:16:29] up on orbit different launchers operating from different launch sites have access to

[00:16:32] different orbits as well so there certainly seems to be room for everyone with the kind of bottlenecks

[00:16:36] that we are seeing in the industry where we're hearing reports of individuals and satellite

[00:16:41] operators who are having to wait years and years to get on to certain missions that they're looking

[00:16:45] to get on to and if we can support them in hitting those mission objectives sooner then

[00:16:49] that's great. That's Ares lead mission manager Mack and Jeddy and this is space time still to

[00:16:56] come Southern launch getting ready for their next test flight and later in the science report

[00:17:01] warnings that Australia could soon see mega droughts lasting more than 20 years

[00:17:07] all that and more coming up on space time

[00:17:26] Southern launch says its Kuhnibber test range on South Australia's air peninsula

[00:17:30] is almost ready for its next launch in just a matter of weeks the test flight will see the

[00:17:35] launch of a German Heimpulse 75 rocket which will test the new hybrid propulsion technology by

[00:17:41] combining paraffin wax and liquid oxygen resulting in a non-explosive fuel at least until you mix

[00:17:47] the two and ignite them that will revolutionize rocket handling and logistics the test flight

[00:17:52] slated for either the end of this month or early May and we'll launch to an altitude of

[00:17:56] around 50 kilometers before parachuting back to the ground where it'll be recovered for testing

[00:18:02] it's hoped the test will assist the builders developing their larger sl1 orbital launcher

[00:18:07] the Kuhnibber test range is located northwest of Sejuna and has been equipped with a transportable

[00:18:12] rocket launcher for this project the range provides space companies with the unique

[00:18:17] ability to launch and land their vehicles on the same range facility that enables them to

[00:18:23] recover their technologies and analyze the system's performance it also enables suborbital

[00:18:28] missions to the edge of space to conduct experiments and it can support the re-entry of space technology

[00:18:34] from orbit this makes Kuhnibber different from southern launchers play a new orbital launch

[00:18:38] complex at whalers way the orbital launch project near port Lincoln on the tip of the

[00:18:43] air peninsula will focus on space launches over the southern ocean aiming for polar orbits

[00:18:49] of course this won't be the first launch from the Kuhnibber test range

[00:18:52] D-WAC systems conducted a series of launches back in september 2020 a sounding rocket containing

[00:18:58] a small replica payload was slated to launch on september the 15th 2020 with a second launch

[00:19:04] on september the 19th the missions were designed to collect information to develop new electronic

[00:19:09] warfare technologies focusing on cubesats and while the first launch failed two successful

[00:19:15] launches were conducted four days later southern launch claims it's got several missions on its

[00:19:20] books to launch from the new whalers way site including the refix mission with the german

[00:19:25] space agency DLR the company says it's also a sign of memorandum of understanding with UK

[00:19:31] based space forge to use the Kuhnibber test range as a re-entry point for their spacecraft

[00:19:36] alongside a separate deal to use it as a re-entry point for a capsule undertaking

[00:19:40] pioneering medical experiments in space this spacetime

[00:20:01] and time that i take a brief look at some of the other stories making news in science this

[00:20:05] week with a science report australia could soon see mega floods lasting over 20 years

[00:20:12] that's the grim warning by scientists at the australian national university based on their

[00:20:17] latest computer modeling and worse still the bleak findings reported in the journal

[00:20:22] hydrology in earth system sciences don't include the amplifying effect of human impact on the

[00:20:27] climate since the industrial revolution the study found that 20th century droughts in southwestern

[00:20:33] and eastern australia including the marie darling basin were longer on average compared to pre-industrial

[00:20:39] times of course mega droughts would be exceptionally severe long lasting and white spread they're able

[00:20:46] to last for multiple decades even centuries the study's authors warn that if a mega drought

[00:20:51] did occur in australia today the consequences will be made even worse because of climate change

[00:20:56] as any drought would occur against a backdrop of hotter weather one of the problems with

[00:21:01] understanding protracted droughts in australia is that climate observations since the 1900s only

[00:21:07] really provide a handful of examples to work with therefore they're not representative of what could

[00:21:12] be a worst-case scenario that's possible through natural climate variations the authors think

[00:21:18] a mega drought could be occurring in australia every 150 years the researchers used multiple

[00:21:23] climate models to simulate droughts that occurred during the past millennium in order

[00:21:28] to determine how they might change in the future this includes predicting how long australian droughts

[00:21:33] could last for and how dry they could get the authors say we can reduce the impact of future

[00:21:39] mega droughts but being prepared lots of water storage good management plans and a major community

[00:21:45] support network a new study has found a strong link between osama's disease and the

[00:21:52] daily consumption of meat based and processed foods researchers at bond university came to

[00:21:58] their conclusions after examining the diets of 438 australians 108 with alzheimer's and

[00:22:04] 330 in a healthy control group a report in the journal of alzheimer's disease found that those

[00:22:10] diagnosed with alzheimer's tended to regularly eat foods such as meat pies sausages hams

[00:22:16] pizza and hamburgers they also consumed fewer fruit and vegetables things like oranges

[00:22:22] strawberries avocado capsicum cucumber carrots cabbage and spinach a new study claims that while

[00:22:29] the earliest dinosaurs experienced rapid growth rates so too did many of the other animals living

[00:22:35] alongside them the findings reported in the journal plus one examined patterns of bone tissue

[00:22:41] and fossilized leg burns of an array of animals in one of the earliest known missouzoic ecosystems

[00:22:47] found in argentina and dating back to around 231 to 229 million years ago the analysis found that most

[00:22:55] of the examined species had elevated growth rates these were more similar to modern-day mammals and

[00:23:00] birds rather than to living reptiles the findings support previous research would suggest

[00:23:06] that fast growth was an important feature for dinosaur success however since other animals

[00:23:12] were also growing fast the authors say the rapid growth is only one part of the story of the dinosaur's

[00:23:18] eventual global dominance a new survey claims that some 76 percent of people really do believe

[00:23:27] in psychic abilities tim mendham from astrian skeptic says while that may seem awfully high

[00:23:33] it should be taken with a grain of salt as the survey itself wasn't really undertaken

[00:23:38] in a truly scientific way.

[00:24:38] and those who can be bothered filling in an online survey which would probably be in those who are more

[00:24:42] inclined to have a positive view of these things and one of the issues is that the surveys still

[00:24:46] open even though they publish the results you do not do that in a survey because then people can

[00:24:52] then write in and change the results if you want to get a very skeptic to write in and say

[00:24:56] it's all rubbish you can skew the results one way or the other if you have a lot of

[00:25:00] believers if you gather everyone together they're going to fill in these forms online so yes

[00:25:04] i would suggest that the numbers you should be very cautious are very very cautious because it is

[00:25:08] only a small survey 400 doesn't seem to be there's not a lot of people for this sort of thing and

[00:25:12] that the audience is more inclined to believe these things they're not so i mean it's really

[00:25:17] as much as i like piggie pop it's quite fun this is not a survey to believe because it's so many

[00:25:23] red flags popping up all the way about this survey but you know the numbers are interesting

[00:25:27] people will quote some even the way they organize the questions is that a dodgy like when you're

[00:25:31] talking about how accurate are psychic predictions etc the options are very accurate more than accurate

[00:25:36] accurate partly accurate or not at all so in other words four of them would suggest that

[00:25:40] they were in accuracy there of some level right so the results tend to link towards being

[00:25:46] accurate because just because of the way the questions are out that's Tim Mendham from Australian skeptics

[00:26:01] and that's the show for now

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