S27E23: Tectonic Tremors: Unraveling the Secrets of Earth's Pacific Plate

[00:00:00] This is SpaceTime Series 27 Episode 23 for broadcast on the 21st of February 2024

[00:00:07] Coming up on SpaceTime

[00:00:09] Planet Earth's Pacific Plate pulling apart

[00:00:12] The Odysseus lander on its way to the moon's South Pole and NASA's new pace satellite reaches orbit

[00:00:19] All that and more coming up on SpaceTime

[00:00:24] Welcome to SpaceTime with Stuart Gary

[00:00:43] A new study has found that the Pacific Plate is scored by large undersea faults that are quite literally pulling it apart

[00:00:51] The newly discovered faults reported in the journal Geophysical Research Letters are the result of enormous forces within the plate

[00:00:58] tagging at westwards

[00:01:00] Studies authors say some of these faults are thousands of meters deep and hundreds of kilometers long

[00:01:06] The new findings are shedding fresh light on the century-old model of plate tectonics

[00:01:10] Which suggested the plates covering the ocean floor are rigid as they move across the Earth's mantle

[00:01:16] One of the study's authors Erkan Gunn from the University of Toronto

[00:01:20] Societies have known for years that geological deformations like faults happen on the continental plate interiors far from plate boundaries

[00:01:28] But they didn't know the same thing was happening on ocean plates

[00:01:32] It seems for millions of years the Pacific plate which constitutes most of the Pacific ocean floor has drifted westwards

[00:01:39] The plunge back down into the Earth's mantle along undersea trenches or subduction zones that run all the way from Japan down to New Zealand and Australia

[00:01:48] As the western edge of this plate is pulled down the mantle

[00:01:52] It drags the rest of the plate with it like a tablecloth being pulled off a table

[00:01:57] The newly discovered plate damage at the fault occurs within extensive sub-oceanic plateus for millions of years ago

[00:02:04] When molten rock from deep within the Earth's mantle extruded out onto the surface on the ocean floor

[00:02:10] The faults then tend to run parallel to the closest trench

[00:02:15] Gunn says it was always thought that because sub-oceanic plateus is thicker it would also be stronger

[00:02:20] But the new models and seismic data are showing it's actually the opposite. It seems to plateus a weaker

[00:02:26] The author stated four plateus in the western Pacific Ocean the on Tong Java the Shatsky the Hess and the man Hickey

[00:02:34] It's a vast area roughly bounded by Hawaii Japan New Zealand and Australia

[00:02:40] They used a combination of supercomputer models and existing data to reach their conclusions

[00:02:45] Gunning colleagues found evidence that volcanism occurred at these sites in the past as a direct result of this type of plate damage

[00:02:52] perhaps episodically or possibly continuously

[00:02:55] But it isn't clear if it's still happening now because these plates are thousands of meters below the ocean surface and

[00:03:02] Sending research vessels down to that depth to collect data would be an incredibly major effort

[00:03:08] Still maybe one day this space time

[00:03:12] Still to come the Odysseus lander on its way to the moon and NASA's new pace satellite reaches orbit

[00:03:19] All that and more still to come on space time

[00:03:36] Intuitive machines mission to the lunar south pole is launched into space

[00:03:41] Carrying seven NASA experimental payloads designed to prepare the way for the ultimate return of humus to the moon this time to stay there

[00:03:49] The mission was launched aboard a Falcon 9 rocket from the Kennedy Space Center in Florida

[00:03:54] The flights carrying the nervous sea Odysseus lander which will attempt the first ever private company landing on the moon

[00:04:06] Four three two one ignition and lift off go space tech go I am one and the Odysseus lunar lander

[00:04:21] Has successfully lifted off from pad 39 a Kennedy Space Center

[00:04:26] Carrying the I am one payload now during a scent we tilt the engines of the technical term being gimbling

[00:04:33] And that turns the rocket

[00:04:35] Horizontally Mach 1 max Q we have a few events coming up in quick six succession here

[00:04:41] That will be Miko stage separation

[00:04:44] SES 1 and then the boost backburn startup on the first stage vehicle

[00:04:49] Miko or main engine cutoff is where we shut down all nine of those M1d engines on the first stage vehicle

[00:04:55] That helps slow the vehicle down in preparation for stage separation

[00:04:59] Which is where the first and second stage will separate and the first stage booster will begin its trip back to earth

[00:05:05] And the second stage vehicle will ignite that mVAC engine with SES 1 or a second stage engine

[00:05:12] Start up one and then the boost backburn will begin on the first stage vehicle

[00:05:17] Which is one of three burns that's required for the vehicle to make its way back to today's landing zone

[00:05:22] And this burn assists with the vehicle to reorient itself back towards land stage separation confirmed

[00:05:29] And back ignition a lot of these backs out up and there we heard those callouts for Miko stage separation

[00:05:36] SES 1 and the boost backburns start up on the first stage now the first stage is

[00:05:41] Currently performing its boost backburn

[00:05:43] This is where we ignite a few of the engines to bring the trajectory towards the landing site

[00:05:49] Faring separation confirmed

[00:05:51] Faring separation

[00:05:52] Faring deployment has been confirmed and we will be attempting to retrieve these fairing has once they fall back to earth with our recovery vessel Bob

[00:06:00] Both vehicles are on nominal trajectories and some good callouts there and in about three minutes

[00:06:06] There will be a couple more burns on our first stage to prepare for landing at landing zone one at Cape Canaveral

[00:06:13] Again, we've completed the boost backburn on the first stage at the first burn of three

[00:06:18] The next burns coming up will be the entry burn and then the landing burn for the first stage vehicle now

[00:06:24] We are at T plus four minutes and 17 seconds into today's mission

[00:06:29] I am one is SpaceX's 14th launch this year and the lunar lander on board could be the first

[00:06:36] US moon landing since the Apollo program ended more than 50 years ago

[00:06:41] The mbeck engine on the second stage is ignited and we are currently in the first of two planned mbeck burns around t plus six minutes

[00:06:48] The first stage is entry burn coming up on that first stage vehicle again

[00:06:53] That is the second of three burns for the entry burn. We will relight three of those m1d engines

[00:06:59] Starting with the center e9 engine follows shortly afterwards with the e1 and e5 engines

[00:07:05] This helps slow the vehicle down as it enters back into the earth's atmosphere

[00:07:10] Now we need to slow down

[00:07:12] The vehicle to reduce reentry forces and that helps us to recover and reuse the first stage

[00:07:17] And we are coming up on the entry burn for the first stage vehicle in just about 20 seconds or so

[00:07:26] Entry burn has begun with those engines relit stage one

[00:07:31] Got down stage one fts and very very quick

[00:07:34] Both vehicles are on nominal trajectories

[00:07:36] Great callouts both vehicles on nominal trajectories and as I mentioned

[00:07:40] That was the second of three burns required for this booster to return back down to land

[00:07:47] The next and final burn will be the landing burn. That's just a center e9 engine

[00:07:52] Burn and that helps slow the vehicle down just in time for landing. That's coming up in

[00:07:58] Just about 15 seconds or so

[00:08:00] stage one transonic

[00:08:02] stage one left burn

[00:08:04] The landing burn has begun nine touches down for landing that is

[00:08:09] We just had confirmation about it all or but I also heard and just heard

[00:08:13] Seco one as well as a confirmation of good orbit for our falcon nine second stage carrying our iam1 payload

[00:08:20] Now with that landing that mark spacex's

[00:08:24] 273rd recovery of an orbital class rocket

[00:08:27] Including first stage landings for falcon nine and falcon heavy the mission was actually started to launch the previous day

[00:08:33] But it was scrubbed when spacex discovered abnormal temperatures as it attempted to fuel up the landing craft

[00:08:40] The flight is part of nasa's commercial lunar payload services initiative

[00:08:45] It's designed to bring down the cost of science investigations and technology

[00:08:49] Demonstrations going to the moon and make them more routine in the lead up to the atomist man missions

[00:08:54] Which will be landing on the lunar surface later this decade

[00:08:58] The hexagonal shaped nervous sea Odysseus land is successfully separated from its falcon nine upper stage

[00:09:04] And is currently on track to reach its malaporte landing site on february the 22nd

[00:09:10] The landing site is an impact crater 300 kilometers from the lunar south pole

[00:09:15] NASA paid intuitive machines 118 million dollars to carry their seven experimental payloads aboard Odysseus

[00:09:23] After touchdown the nasa payloads are expected to run for roughly a week or so before the lunar night sets in at the south pole

[00:09:30] Rendering Odysseus inoperable

[00:09:32] Intuitive machines has also placed some of their own cargo aboard the lander including a digital archive of human knowledge

[00:09:39] And several mini sculptures of the moon

[00:09:41] It's the second such private american effort this year after the first ended in failure when the

[00:09:46] Astrobotics peregrine lunar landed began leaking fuel shortly after stage separation

[00:09:51] Some sort of explosive event possibly related to the propellant leak also took place

[00:09:56] Duming the mission which instead of landing on the lunar surface

[00:10:00] Swung around the moon came back to earth burning up as it re-entered the planet's atmosphere above the south pacific ocean

[00:10:07] More recently a japanese lander successfully landed on the lunar surface

[00:10:11] But did so nose down following propulsion problems apparently one of its rocket thrusters failed during descent

[00:10:18] Because of that it was only able to collect scientific data for a short period of time when the solar panel was facing in the right direction to get sunlight

[00:10:26] Soft landings by robotic spacecraft on the moon are challenging

[00:10:30] That's because they have to navigate treacherous terrain with communication subject to a time lag of several seconds

[00:10:36] And there's also that need to use thrusters for controlled descent

[00:10:40] That's because the moon doesn't have an atmosphere and so couldn't support a parachute landing

[00:10:46] And shooting machines has two more missions later to launch to the moon this year

[00:10:50] Meanwhile another texas company firefly aerospace are also planning their own lunar mission

[00:10:56] And astrobotics will try again with the lunar landing this time carrying a nasa rover to the lunar south pole towards the end of the year

[00:11:04] We'll keep you informed

[00:11:06] This space time

[00:11:08] Still to come

[00:11:10] NASA's new pace spacecraft reaches orbit and a russian progress cargo ship successfully docks with the international space station

[00:11:18] All that and much more still to come

[00:11:21] on space time

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[00:13:53] And of course, you'll find the URL details in our show notes and on our website

[00:13:57] And now it's back to our show

[00:14:01] This is space time with steward gary

[00:14:05] NASA's newest earth science satellite has successfully launched from the Cape Canaveral Space Force station in florida aboard a falconine rocket

[00:14:13] The plankton aerosol cloud and ecosystem or pace spacecraft will study the impact of tiny often invisible things from space

[00:14:21] Including both microscopic life in the water and microscopic particles in the air

[00:14:26] The director of dasa's earth science division caron sin germain says pace will use a combination of hyperspectral instruments and

[00:14:34] Polarometers to study some of the smallest things that can have a big impact

[00:14:37] Providing new insights into the interactions between the ocean and atmosphere and how a changing climate affects these interactions

[00:14:45] microscopic fighter plankton in the ocean can develop into blooms

[00:14:49] Vast enough to be easily visible from orbit

[00:14:52] Paces hyperspectral ocean color instrument will measure the oceans and other water bodies across a spectrum of ultraviolet visible and near

[00:15:00] Infrared light

[00:15:01] This will enable scientists to track the distribution of photo plankton and for the first time from space

[00:15:07] Identify which communities of these organisms are present on daily global scales

[00:15:12] Scientists and coastal resources managers can then use this data to help forecast the health of fisheries

[00:15:17] track harmful algal blooms and identified changes in the marine environment

[00:15:22] A spacecraft also carries two polarometers

[00:15:25] Instruments that will detect how sunlight interacts with particles in the atmosphere

[00:15:30] These data can provide researchers with new information on atmospheric aerosols and cloud properties as well as air quality at local

[00:15:37] regional and even global scales

[00:15:40] Although nasa's been studying aerosols from space for decades

[00:15:44] Pace in its polarometers will reveal the shape and size of aerosols

[00:15:48] Helping scientists answer questions about where they came from and how they might influence other parts of the earth system

[00:15:55] This report from nasa tv

[00:15:58] If we were to see the world with polarization sensitive eyes, the sky would not be blue

[00:16:04] Grass would look gray

[00:16:06] There'd be all sorts of strange things that would be happening

[00:16:09] What we reveal about the environment with polarization

[00:16:13] Is really kind of another dimension of information

[00:16:17] The pace mission holds the keys to unlock that dimension with two toaster-sized

[00:16:23] Instruments called polarimeters and polarimeters measure the polarization of sunlight

[00:16:27] So generally sunlight has a combination of different directions

[00:16:32] polarization is some preference for an oscillation direction

[00:16:38] The ability to detect the specific direction sunlight reflects back to pace's instruments

[00:16:43] Will give us more information about clouds and tiny atmospheric particles called aerosols

[00:16:49] The aerosols are really important to to human health

[00:16:53] So that's why we need to really quantify what is out there like what type of aerosol there and where they come from

[00:17:00] various

[00:17:01] interactions of with light in the environment

[00:17:03] Scattering events off of particles or surfaces can impose some preference in the light that they reflect in terms of the polarization nature

[00:17:14] The two multi-angle polarimeters were built by nasa's partners both here and abroad

[00:17:20] The hyperangular rainbow polarimeter number two or harp two will measure atmospheric particles in one of its spectral channels

[00:17:28] In up to 60 viewing angles

[00:17:30] Why so many angles so this is like a camera like any other kind of camera

[00:17:34] But instead of taking a picture at one particular geometry

[00:17:39] Of what we would understand as light is looking at a scene from different angles

[00:17:44] We will move the different angles

[00:17:47] to the one single location

[00:17:49] And in that way we will collect the information at all the different angles

[00:17:53] And those different angles can't contain information about

[00:17:57] What's present in the environment

[00:18:00] For instance all these angles from harp two can analyze the elusive cloud bow

[00:18:10] Cloud bows are slightly distinct from a rainbow rainbow is light scattering off of rain droplets

[00:18:16] Cloud bows is light scattering off of cloud droplets, which are a little bit smaller

[00:18:20] By being able to observe cloud bows with polarization

[00:18:24] And if we very accurately measure the geometry in which this happens, you know the

[00:18:28] Exact position of that cloud bow with respect to the sun in our observation

[00:18:32] It tells us a lot about the size distribution of the cloud droplets

[00:18:36] If we understand the size distribution of cloud droplets, we can understand things about the formation of clouds

[00:18:41] How long they will persist if they're going to turn into precipitation or not

[00:18:45] Polarization can also reveal the shape of sun glint the pattern of sunlight reflecting directly off the ocean surface

[00:18:53] Sun glint patterns can tell us how rough or smooth the ocean surface is

[00:18:57] Which can determine wind speed at the surface

[00:19:01] Clouds also have an impact on climate, but the interaction between the two

[00:19:05] There's many pathways on which aerosols can interact with clouds

[00:19:08] Cloud droplets can form around aerosol particles more easily and other things that are going on in the local situation

[00:19:14] That complexity of the interaction between the two is one of the largest sources of uncertainty

[00:19:18] In understanding our global climate and that's why we're making these measurements

[00:19:22] The data from pace will allow researchers to tease out the species of aerosols

[00:19:26] Which will help fine-tune climate models so they make better predictions

[00:19:31] Pace's other polarimeter, Specs 1, will tackle aerosol retrievals and give us precise measurements of the angle degree and intensity of polarization

[00:19:41] But processing the sheer volume of data has been its own mission

[00:19:45] Each pixel of data the polarimeters measure covers about five kilometers square

[00:19:50] In that space are hundreds even thousands of observations at different angles wavelengths and state of polarization

[00:19:58] In the course of one full day of orbits

[00:20:00] Those pixels pile up if you put them together

[00:20:03] There will be more than 10 million pixels

[00:20:07] That's huge

[00:20:08] uh, challenge on both

[00:20:10] Storage and computer powers to meet that challenge

[00:20:13] The pace team has turned to a kind of machine learning called a neural network emulator

[00:20:18] Even before pace gathers any data

[00:20:21] The emulator has been trained with millions of simulations of the possible atmospheric conditions in that one pixel

[00:20:28] With this emulator what would take an hour for one pixel is now a matter of milliseconds

[00:20:34] Allowing pace to process a seemingly endless stream of data for the mission and atmospheric researchers all over

[00:20:41] They will require a lot of measurement

[00:20:43] Especially if we can do that from a global scale with satellite

[00:20:47] So we know where they come from so you can trace their source

[00:20:50] We probably can help to reduce this impact on the human health and in that report from nasa tv

[00:20:56] Weird from pace project science lead for polemetry kirk noble speasy and pace polemetry data scientist and software lead

[00:21:04] mangow

[00:21:05] This is spacetime

[00:21:07] Still to come a russian progress cargo ship successfully docks with the international space station

[00:21:13] And later in the science report a new study shows that people obsess over political beliefs are far more likely to engage in things

[00:21:21] Like cancel culture all that and more still to come

[00:21:25] on spacetime

[00:21:42] A russian progress cargo ship carrying two and a half tons of supplies for the international space station has successfully docked with the orbiting our post

[00:21:51] The progress ms-26 was launched aboard a Soyuz 2 1a rocket from the back in all cosmodrome in the central asian republic of

[00:21:58] Kazakhstan docking onto the aft port of the zvezda module two days later

[00:22:03] The vehicle now is on internal now initiated. The second umbilical is retracting the launch command now being issued for engine ignition

[00:22:17] We have engines start the engines coming up to flight speed turbo pumps at flight speed

[00:22:22] and lift off

[00:22:24] All engines at maximum thrust we have lift off of the 87th progress resupply vehicle to the international space station

[00:22:31] The vehicle has cleared the tower roll and pitch program initiated all parameters are nominal for first stage performance

[00:22:39] All engines on the first stage are performing nominally according to the blockhouse in vikinol

[00:22:43] Structural parameters are all reported to be normal the engines performing normally vehicle stabilization structural parameters all normal

[00:22:51] Engine pressures are nominal at the one minute mark into the flight good pitch and roll program for the vehicle

[00:22:57] Harking out to the northeast its chase to reach the international space station underway

[00:23:02] The progress is carrying fuel food and scientific equipment for the seven crew members currently on station

[00:23:09] Included in the manifest a 580 kilograms of repellent in its refueling tanks

[00:23:14] 420 kilograms of drinking water and 40 kilograms of pressurized nitrogen

[00:23:19] The pressurized cargo section contains replacement parts materials for science experiments as well as food

[00:23:26] medical supplies and hygiene items for the crew

[00:23:29] This mission is one of the rare joint russian american projects being kept alive since musko's invasion of ukraine

[00:23:37] Washington and the kremlin agreed in december to extend their joint flights to the orbiting outpost until at least 2025

[00:23:45] Of course, it was only back in july 2022 that russia threatened to withdraw completely from the international space station project

[00:23:52] over western sanctions and retaliation for the attack on ukraine

[00:23:56] But ongoing delays in developing the core module of a new russian space station has forced musko to remain part of the iss team

[00:24:05] at least for now

[00:24:07] And finally the international space station began way back in 1998 and nasa plans to keep it operational until at least 2030

[00:24:15] This is spacetime

[00:24:30] And time out attack another brief look at some of the other stories making news in science this week on the science report

[00:24:37] As temperature records tumble and the threat of wildfires and dry conditions loom large an international study by scientists from flinders

[00:24:44] University has highlighted the urgency of making a more concerted effort to prepare for climate extremes in south australia

[00:24:53] The findings reported in the journal water a warning of highs and lows in temperature and rainfall indices over the past

[00:25:00] 50 years and how this will continue and amplify due to global warming

[00:25:05] The study is showing an increase in maximum temperatures of at least 1.1 degrees celsius

[00:25:10] While minimum temperatures will drop by at least 0.7 degrees celsius

[00:25:14] And there'll be a lot less precipitation

[00:25:17] South australia is already considered the driest state on the driest continent

[00:25:22] The researchers point out that more intense and extended drought periods more extreme summer heat waves

[00:25:29] Alongside occasional extremes of frosts and floods can all be expected

[00:25:35] A new study shows that tracking the eye movement of preschoolers for as little as a minute could help with early detection of autism spectrum disorder

[00:25:44] The findings reported in the journal plus one are based on an australian study

[00:25:48] Which tracked the eye movements of children both with and without autism while watching side by side images of geometric patterns and children performing yoga exercises

[00:25:58] The researchers were able to predict an autism diagnosis with an accuracy of 94.59

[00:26:05] The authors say that from a clinical perspective

[00:26:07] Their findings suggest that the eye tracking technology could be used as a biomarker for the presence of autism and symptom severity in preschool children

[00:26:17] A new study has shown that people who obsess over political beliefs are far more likely to engage in online cancel culture

[00:26:26] The findings reported in the journal actor psychological are based on a survey of 460 people

[00:26:32] It shows that the desire to show off one's moral beliefs

[00:26:36] What the rest of us would call virtue signaling and the urge to correct what they see is other people's incorrect views that social vigilantism

[00:26:43] Also explains how intensively people engage in cancel culture

[00:26:49] The battle of artificial intelligence here IBM turns 100 and new updates for apple

[00:26:56] With the details we join by technology editor Alex Zaharov-Royd from tech advice start life

[00:27:02] IBM has turned 100 but funnily enough IBM celebrated turning 100 a decade ago

[00:27:07] But the reason why it's turning 100 is because it was february 15

[00:27:11] 2024 that IBM turned 100 after having changed his name from calculators tabulators and

[00:27:17] Ct machines they changed it to international business machines from this company called ctr

[00:27:22] Which actually started in the 1800s and one of the only other companies I can think of that's that old is someone like Nokia

[00:27:29] Who started in 1865 with a simple paper mill took his name from the town of Nokia

[00:27:32] So IBM's been around for longer than 100 years, but this is the 100th anniversary of it's being called international business machine

[00:27:38] Google have launched the new competitor to chat gbt fourth

[00:27:41] Yes, the big fight is to who has the best ai now at the moment

[00:27:45] That's open ai with chat gbt and November last year they launched chat gbt for turbo

[00:27:50] And you know funnily enough people have been complaining that chat gbt's been getting lazier and not as smart

[00:27:54] There's more people than ever before that are using it

[00:27:56] But there's more competition than ever before and the big company that would be waiting to see what they would really do is google

[00:28:01] Now they did launch gemini. They used to call it bad bad was their sort of google assistant on

[00:28:06] GPT steroids

[00:28:07] They were calling it bad

[00:28:09] Well, I've changed it now to gemini so they've got gemini nano for your phone gemini pro for your you know for free

[00:28:14] And gemini ultra which is their chat gbt for turbo killer

[00:28:18] Is it enough to kill gbt five coming in the second quarter of this year?

[00:28:22] Probably not because they're calling it ultra 1.0

[00:28:24] Which makes you think there's a 1.5 or a 2.0 coming obviously chat gbt's up to version five gbt five

[00:28:30] Although it's you know more versions than that and the big fight continues

[00:28:34] Of course, we all know the real advanced ai's with skynet

[00:28:37] Well, we haven't had skynet appear yet

[00:28:39] People are worried that connecting all these gbt's to the internet could get them to one day do the skynet or age of

[00:28:45] Ultron thing where they take over everything and try and launch missiles. Yeah, alex i'd get rid of the the word could

[00:28:51] And replace that with a wood quite frankly

[00:28:54] Well, look all the talk from google and open ai and microsoft and facebook and you know amazon and other companies that everyone's making their own

[00:29:01] Large language model now they're all very strong on ethics. Oh, yes. Sorry ethical

[00:29:04] We're never going to let anything bad happen. We're going to check everything data is all private and secure

[00:29:07] They did an ethics check last week. We reported on it and it proves that it's not ethical and topics come up and said that

[00:29:13] You can have a deceptive ai i mean ai is programmed by people people can program it to be good or bad

[00:29:17] Any technology can be used for good or bad. There are bad people out there. Okay, let's move on to

[00:29:22] apple in the latest updates so apple have launched ios 17.3

[00:29:27] 0.1 17.3 introduced stolen device protection look it up. You got to turn it on but 17.3

[00:29:32] 0.1 fixes an annoying bug where text as you are entering text into an sms message or note or on a web page

[00:29:38] It could duplicate the text above that show it to you in the line of where you're typing and i noticed it's happening

[00:29:44] This is happening to me. This is why updates are important

[00:29:46] What's on your website and what's on your show on tnt this week on tnt radio this week

[00:29:50] I'll be speaking to somebody look in the mental wellness space and also somebody from a well-known

[00:29:55] Cybersecurity company so yeah check out tech advice at life for all the details

[00:29:59] That's alexa harrell vroyd from tech advice start life

[00:30:03] And that's the show for now

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