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This is SpaceTime series 26 episode, 100 and five for
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broadcast on the first of September 2023 coming up on
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Space time discovery of a massive Brown dwarf inner Space
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set to launch into orbit from Australia's Northern Territory.
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And Australia's defense force moves forward with a major
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purchase of Tomahawk cruise missiles. All that and more
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coming up on Space time.
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Welcome to Space time with Stuart Garry.
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Astronomers have discovered a giant new Brown dwarf some 80
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times the mass of Jupiter. The find reported on the pre press
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physics website, archive dot org is located in a binary system
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445 light years away. Brown dwarfs are failed stars objects
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which don't have enough mass to sustain the core hydrogen fusion
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process that makes other stars shine.
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However, Brown dwarfs do fuse deuterium, a heavy form of
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hydrogen which includes a neutron as well as the core
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proton in the nucleus and Brown dwarfs, more than 65 Jovian
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masses such as this one can also fuse lithium at 80 Jovian
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masses. This newly discovered Brown dwarf is right on the
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stellar subs stellar boundary only just below the hydrogen
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burning limit.
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The object's effective surface temperature is estimated to be
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1691 Kelvin. While some Brown dwarves start their lives as
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Brown dwarves, others actually start their lives as spectral
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type M red dwarf stars. But as they burn through their nuclear
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fuel supplies, they lose enough mass during the revolution to
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cease core fusion. Turning them from red dwarves into Brown
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dwarves.
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Brown dwarfs fit into a category between the largest planets
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which have about 13 times the mass of Jupiter and the smallest
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spectra type M red dwarf stars, which are usually around 75 to
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80 times the mass of Jupiter or 0.08 solar masses. This
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discovery designated as ZDF J 2020 plus 50 33 was made by the
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Z Vicky Transient Facility.
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Xvii scans the night skies looking for transient
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astronomical objects. The Brown dwarf was discovered in a binary
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orbit with a low mass spectral type M red dwarf star. It is an
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orbital period of just 1.9 hours making it the shortest period
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known transiting Brown dwarf ever detected. The primary star
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in the system has a radius of 0.1 76 solar radii and a mass of
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about 0 solar masses.
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The star has an effective surface temperature of 2856.
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Kelvin making it a fairly typical red dwarf star. This is
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Space time still to come inner Space set to launch into orbit
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from Australia's Northern Territory and Australia Moves
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Forward with plans to purchase Tomahawk cruise missiles all
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that and more still to come on Space time.
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South Korean rocket launch company inner Space is set to
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become the first long term tenet based at Equatoria launch
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Australia's Space port in the Northern Territory's Arnhem
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Land. The deal will see a variety of orbit launch vehicles
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carrying payloads ranging from 50 to 500 kg flowed into low
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Earth orbit from the Arnhem Space Center starting in early
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2025.
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The decision to proceed follows the successful launch of three
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NASA Sami rockets from the Gove Peninsula Complex last year,
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over 70 NASA staff traveled down under from the Wallops flight
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facility on the Virginian mid Atlantic coast to work on the
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project which saw a series of scientific payloads launched on
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suborbital ballistic trajectories, innerspace and
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equatorial launch will now work with the Australian Space Agency
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to obtain a launch permit from the Department Of Civil
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Aviation.
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Australia's version of America's FAA. The news comes in the wake
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of a separate deal for a dedicated launch site between
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equatorial launch and the American Space Transportation
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And Rocket Manufacturing company Phantom Space Corporation that
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also follows in the wake of the NASA launches last year which
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were the first from a commercial spaceport outside the United
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States.
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Until now, the Australian Defense Force's Woomer rocket
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range in Outback, South Australia was the nation's only
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true Space launch complex.
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In fact, back during the 19 sixties, during the heyday of
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the Space race, Woomera was the second busiest Space port in the
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world eclipsed only by Cape Canaveral. Meanwhile on the
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other side of the Australian continent, Southern launchers
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received approval to continue work on its new rocket test
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range at Kimba West of Cina in South Australia.
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Kimba will complement Southern Launch's planned orbit launch
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complex at Whalers Way south of Port Lincoln. When fully
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operational KBA will be one of the largest commercial rocket
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testing facilities in the world allowing suborbital missions to
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conduct experiments and validate Space technology.
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Although things haven't gone all that smoothly of late Southern
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Launch says it does have a number of missions set to launch
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from the range over the next few years including several flights
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this year and the German Space Agency's reflex mission in 2024.
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The range will also be used for the reentry of spacecraft which
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up until now were forced to use the Woomera rocket range. In
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fact, British based Space Forge is planning to use the kit test
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range as a reentry point for their new spacecraft.
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This Space time still to come. Australia Moves Forward with the
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purchase of hundreds of Tomahawk cruise missiles and the
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September Equinox, the constellations Capricorn and
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Aquarius and the epsilon perseus meteor showers will continue to
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dominate the night skies of September on sky watch.
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The Australian Defense Force has agreed to purchase hundreds of
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long range Tomahawk cruise missiles from Raytheon as part
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of a $1.7 billion program. The initial deployment will see 220
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block four Tomahawks which have a range of over 1500 kilometers
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assigned to the navy's Aegis Hobart class destroyers.
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The deal means Australia will become only the third nation in
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the world after the United States and Great Britain to have
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a Tomahawk long range strike capability. Later deployments
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will also see Tomahawks assigned to Australian nuclear submarines
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which are yet to be built. But plans to refit the existing
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Collins class submarines to take Tomahawks have been put on hold
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for now.
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The deal will also see the air force acquire arguer extended
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range advanced anti radiation guided missiles for use on F-35,
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a lightning to stealth fighters and both fa 18 super hornets and
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fa 18 growlers. The American made air to ground missiles are
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designed to target enemy radar systems.
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Meanwhile, the army's box of combat reconnaissance vehicles
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will be armed with new spark long range, two anti tank guided
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missiles which will enable troops to engage the enemy at
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ranges of more than five kilometers. The new missile
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announcements come on top of news that the acquisition of
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high MARS that is high mobility arterial rocket system launches
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will double from initial 21 to at least 42 sets.
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About $1.6 billion will be spent on expanding, accelerating the
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acquisition of the land based long range, surface to surface
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high MARS as well as associated munitions and support systems.
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The project also includes the PSM precision strike missile
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which is expected to have a range of over 500 kilometers.
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Australia's latest defense acquisitions come as China
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increases its military build up in the Pacific which has seen
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further aggressive actions in the South China Sea against
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neighboring countries. The ongoing build up of its navy,
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which is now the largest in the world.
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A major increase in Chinese air power is only kept in check by
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the fact that the West has a 20 to 1 kill ratio advantage over
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the best generation five Chinese technology and China's nuclear
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missile development program, which is expected to reach over
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3000 nuclear warheads by the end of the decade. This Space time.
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And time out to turn our eyes to the skies and check out the
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night skies for September on SkyWatch. September was the
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seventh month of the year in the old Roman calendar which had
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just 10 months. That's before the edition of January and
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February that 10 month year is still reflected today in the
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name September or Septum being Latin for 7 October octo meaning
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8 November and November 9 and December O desi meaning 10.
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It really wasn't until the Gregorian calendar that January
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the first marked the start of the New Year. But in the
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beginning, it was mostly only Catholic countries that adopted
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it.
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Protestant nations only gradually moved across with the
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British, for example, not adopting the reform calendar
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until 17 52. Prior to that date, the British Empire and its
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American colonies still celebrated the New Year on March
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the 25th, marking the feast of the annunciation in Easter.
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The earliest recordings of a New Year's celebration are believed
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to have taken place in Mesopotamia around 2000 BC
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around the time of the northern hemisphere vernal Equinox. In
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mid March. A variety of other dates tied to the seasons are
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also used by various ancient cultures. The Egyptians,
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Phoenicians and Persians began their New Year off with the fall
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Equinox and the Greeks celebrated it on the winter
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solstice.
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Well, the Jewish New Year or Rosh Hashana, the festival of
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trumpets occurs in September where it marks the beginning of
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the northern hemisphere's cycle of sowing growth and harvest.
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And apparently the creation of Adam and Eve. According to the
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Jewish Bible of the Old Testament.
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The astronomical highlight of the month is the September
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Equinox which this year takes place at 16 50 in the afternoon
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of Saturday, September the 23rd Australian Eastern Standard
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time. That's 2 50 in the morning of Saturday, September 23rd us
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eastern daylight time and 6:50 a.m. Greenwich.
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Meantime, the day marks the point in Earth's orbit around
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the sun. When the planet's rotational axial tilt means the
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sun will appear to rise exactly due east to someone standing on
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the equator. It means almost equal hours of darkness and
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light.
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In fact, the word Equinox is derived from the Latin meaning a
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quus or equal and Knox meaning night, it all comes about
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because Earth's rotational axis is tilted at an angle of around
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23.4 degrees. In relation to the ecliptic, the plane created by
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Earth's orbit around the sun and Earth's axial tilt is pointed in
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the same direction in the sky, regardless of Earth's orbital
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position around the sun.
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So on other days of the year, either the northern or Southern
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hemisphere are tilted more towards the sun. But on the two
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equinoxes around March the 21st and September 23rd, the tilt of
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Earth's axis is directly perpendicular to the sun's rays.
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For those in the northern hemisphere, it means the start
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of fall or autumn. While those of us south of the equator are
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moving into spring. Now, it's also worth noting that on
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geological timescales, the solstices and equinoxes change
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because of a process called procession which causes Earth's
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spinning axes to wobble like the axle of a spinning top.
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The rate of procession is only about half a degree per century.
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So people don't notice it on human timescales. But because
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the direction of Earth's axis of rotation determines at which
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point in Earth's orbit, the seasons occur, procession will
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cause a particular season to occur at a slightly different
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time from year to year.
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Over a 21 year cycle of course, as well as procession,
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the Earth's orbit itself is also subjected to small changes
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called perturbations. That's because Earth's orbit and
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alerts.
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And so there's a slow change in its orientation which gradually
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shifts the point of perihelium, Earth's closest orbital position
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to the sun. Now, these two effects the procession of the
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axis of rotation and the change in the orbits orientation work
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together to shift the seasons with respect to para helium.
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And because we use a calendar year that's aligned to the
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occurrence of the seasons, the date of perihelium will
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gradually regress through this 21 year cycle unless we
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compensate for it.
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Ok, let's start our tour of the September 9th skies by looking
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towards the east and the constellation of Capricornus.
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The goat, the name comes from the ancient Greek tale about the
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demon Typhon emerging from a fisher in the Earth and
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attacking Zeus the king of gods during a banquet.
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The sudden appearance of Typhon scared pan, the flute playing
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goat, boy who tried to escape by turning to a fish and swimming
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away. However, he realized his cowardice before completing the
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transformation and so distracted the demon by playing his flute
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instead.
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And this gave Zeus enough time to use a thunderbolt from the
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heavens to frighten Typhon away because of his actions, both
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cowardly and brave Zeus placed pan in the sky. Forevermore
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still in his half goat, half fish guys. The brightest star in
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Capricornus is delta Capricorn, also known as Deneb jetty or the
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tail of the goat. It's a near neighbor located just 39 light
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years away.
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A layer is about 10 trillion kilometers. The distance of
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photon can travel in a year at the speed of light which is
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about 300 kilometers per second in a vacuum. And the
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ultimate speed limit across the universe. Deni Jedi is a
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spectral type, a white beta lira variable eclipsing binary.
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It's comprised of two stars closely orbiting each other.
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Now, astronomers describe stars in terms of spectral types, a
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classification system based on temperature and characteristics.
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The hottest most massive and most luminous stars are known as
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spectral type O blue stars.
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They're followed by spectra type B blue white stars, then
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spectral type A white stars, spiritual type F whiteish yellow
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stars, spectra type G yellow stars, that's where our sun fits
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in. Then there's spectral type K orange stars and the coolest and
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least massive stars are known as spectral type M red dwarf stars.
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Each spectra classification can also be subdivided using a
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numeric digit to represent temperature with zero being the
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hottest to name the coolest and a Roman numeral to represent
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luminosity. Now put all that together and our sun is
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officially classified as a spectral type G two V or G 25
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yellow dwarf star as we mentioned earlier, Deba Jedi is
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a beta lira variable eclipsing binary system.
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It's made up of two stars closely orbiting each other, the
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total brightness of the system changes because the two
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component stars periodically pass in front of each other as
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seen from Earth, thereby blocking out the light from the
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other star in the system.
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The two component stars of beta Lyra systems are usually massive
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giants or super giants so close to each other that their shapes
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are heavily distorted by their mutual gravitational forces.
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This gives each of the stars in the system an ellipsoidal shape
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with extensive mass flows from one component to the other just
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below Capra Corus.
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On the eastern horizon, you'll see the constellation Aquarius,
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the water carrier to the gods. Greek mythology describes
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Aquarius as the most beautiful looking boy they'd ever lived
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and so was carried from Earth up to Mount Olympus by in the guise
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of Aquila, the eagle to become the water carrier.
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The two brightest stars in Aquarius are Alfre Beta Aquare,
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a pair of luminous yellow super giants that were once spectral
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type B, blue white stars. The pair are moving through Space
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perpendicular to the plane of the milky way galaxy beta auri.
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The brightest of the pair is also known as Cedar Sud.
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It's a multiple star system located about 540 light years
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away. The primary star is about six times the mass of the sun,
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but emits roughly 2300 times the sun's luminosity implying
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already is at least 50 times that of our sun. Beta Aquare
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appears to have at least two faint companion stars, but
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you'll need a decent sized telescope to see them.
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The second brightest star in Aquarius is Alpha Aquare, also
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known as Saddam Melek. It's about 520 light years away
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around 6.5 times as massive as the sun and some 3000 times as
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luminous.
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Next, we move to the Southern constellation of Parsi Rena, the
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Southern Fish, the brightest star in the constellation is
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former halt the mouth of the Southern fish and the 18th
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brightest star in the night sky. Interestingly, thousands of
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years ago, it was used to Mark the position of the winter
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solstice.
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The sun's most southerly position is seen from the
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northern hemisphere. But the procession of the equinoxes
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which we talked about earlier has now moved the northern
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winter solstice to its new position in December, located
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only 25 light years away. Former hat is a spectral type, a white
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yellow star about twice the mass of the sun and around 16 times
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as luminous.
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It's also a really young star only about 400 million years
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old. By comparison, our own star of the sun is some 4.6 billion
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years of age. Former hat exhibits an excess of infrared
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radiation indicating that it's surrounded by a circumstellar
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disk. It's also part of a triple star system together with the
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spectral type K orange dwarf star TWP A strine and a spectra
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type M red dwarf star LP 8 76 minus 10 turning to the north.
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Now, there you'll see the constellation Pegasus, the
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winged horse of Greek mythology. Pegasus is the one who delivered
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Medusa's head to Polys, after which he traveled to Mount
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Olympus in order to become the bearer of thunder and lightning
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bolts for Zeus, the brightest star in Pegasus is the orange
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super giant epsilon Begay which marks the horse's muzzle almost
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12 times the mass of the sun.
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It's blurted out to a spectra type K super giant nearing the
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end of its life. Astronomers are still debating as to whether it
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will end its days as a core collapsed supernova or a rare
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neon oxygen white dwarf.
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Also in the north is the constellation Cygnus. The Swan,
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which lies on the plane of the milky way galaxy Snus contains
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the star Deneb, one of the brightest stars in the night sky
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and one of the corners of the summer triangle. It's also home
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to the giant Snus Obe Two Stellar Association which
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includes one of the largest known stars in the universe.
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M and LS sign a red higher giant about 1183 times the radius and
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50 times the mass of our sun. In fact, were it placed at the
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center of our solar system where the sun is, its surface would
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extend out beyond the orbit of Jupiter? It's so big. It
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contains a volume, approximately 1.6 billion times that of the
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sun. Nl Sydney is located about 5300 light years away.
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Now Snus is also home to Snus X One, a powerful galactic x-ray
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source which became the first widely accepted black hole. It
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was discovered back in 1964. And even today, it remains one of
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the most studied astronomical objects in the sky. The black
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hole is estimated to have about 14.8 times the mass of our sun
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all crammed into an event horizon with a radius of just 44
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kilometers.
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Little wonder black holes are the densest objects in the
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universe located just above the northern horizon. This time of
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the year is the star Vega. It's the brightest star in the
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constellation Lyra and the fifth brightest star in the night sky,
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Vega has about twice the mass of our sun.
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And it's a relatively young star less than 500 million years old
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and it's also fairly close just 25 light years away. Now, once
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again, due to the procession of Earth's rotational axis, Vega
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used to be the northern pole star around 14 years ago and
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it will do so again in another 12 years time, just above
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Vega is alpha aquile or Alter the brightest star.
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The constellation Aquila, it's a special type, a white yellow
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star with about twice the mass of our sun Alter is located
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really nearby just 16.7 light years away and it rotates very
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rapidly with an equatorial velocity of about 286 kilometers
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per second.
00:22:01
And that's a significant fraction of the star's estimated
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breakup speed of around 400 kilometers per second. Now, this
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high rotation rate means terre isn't spherical but highly
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flattened at the poles. Alter is the eye of the eagle that
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carried a quarry up to Mount Olympus to become the water
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bearer for the gods.
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Look into the southeast now and you'll see the bright star
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Acana. It's the brightest star of the constellation. Ero Dani,
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the river located around 100 and 40 light years away. Acana has
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seven times the mass and 3000 times the luminosity of our sun.
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The star rotates so rapidly. It 's elliptical in shape with its
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diameter being about 56% wider than its polar diameter.
00:22:45
September also sees the bulk of the origins meteor shower which
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is produced as the Earth passes through the debris trail left by
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the comet Kes C 1911 N one. Kes is a long period comet only
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reaching the inner solar system every 1800 to 2000 years. It's
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meteor shower runs between August the 28th and September
00:23:06
the fifth.
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The origins provide up to five swift and bright Meteors an hour
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with its peak just before dawn on September the first. It's
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best viewed from the northern hemisphere as it's radiant. That
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is the direction the Meteors appear to be coming from lies in
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the northern sky constellation of central or a second meteor
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shower in the month of September is the Epsilon Perseids which
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run from September the fifth to the 21st.
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Although they're called the Epsilon Perseids, the radiant
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actually lies closer to the star beta perseus or alcohol. Now,
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the epsilon perseid should be confused with last month's
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perseids meteor shower. That's because while both appear to
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have their radi the constellation perseus, they're
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caused by debris trails from two very different comets.
00:23:53
Turning now to the planets. And MARS is low in the West in Virgo
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in the evenings on September the 16th, a very thin crescent moon
00:24:01
will be seen just below MARS.
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While the next night, it'll be above MARS and to the right or
00:24:06
north, the other evening planetary sighting will be
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Saturn, which will be in the east in Aquarius, the Gibbus
00:24:13
Moon will be just below Saturn to the right or north on the
00:24:16
27th turning to the morning planets now and you'll find
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Venus low in the North East in cancer.
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But moving into Leo during the last week of the month, on
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September 11th, the crescent moon will be to the left or
00:24:28
north of Venus. Mercury is out of sight blocked by the sun's
00:24:32
glare so we can forget about that.
00:24:34
But Jupiter will be in the north West in areas in the morning
00:24:37
with the Gibbous Moon just below and Saturn will still be up from
00:24:41
the previous night. But very low in the West as it disappears
00:24:44
below the western horizon during the final week of the month,
00:24:48
this is Space time.
00:25:07
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