SpaceTime Series 26 Episode 101 *Curiosity Rover faces its toughest climb yet on Mars Shortly before the rover’s 11th anniversary on the Red Planet, its team helped guide it up a steep, slippery slope to examine meteor craters. *Discovery of the demon particle Researchers claim to have finally discovered the long sort after Demon Particle some 67 years after it was first predicted. *Virgin Galactic begins regular tourist flights to the edge of space Virgin Galactic has now commenced regular flights carrying tourists to the edge of space. *The Science Report Study shows young people who vape are more likely to develop bronchitis. ChatGPT's newest model still referencing fake articles. Swinburne University’s new $5.2 million supercomputer. Alex on Tech: new 27 inch LG TV, don’t sleep with i-phones on charge, and a smarter google. Your support is needed... **Support SpaceTime with Stuart Gary: Be Part of Our Cosmic Journey!** SpaceTime is fueled by passion, not big corporations or grants. We're on a mission to become 100% listener-supported, allowing us to focus solely on bringing you riveting space stories without the interruption of ads. 🌌 **Here's where you shine:** Help us soar to our goal of 1,000 subscribers! Whether it's just $1 or more, every contribution propels us closer to a universe of ad-free content.
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00:00:00
This is Space Time series 26 episode 100 and one for
00:00:03
broadcast on the 23rd of August 2023. Coming up on Space Time,
00:00:09
the Mars Curiosity Rover faces its toughest climb yet on the
00:00:13
Red Planet Discovery of the Demon Particle. And it's finally
00:00:18
happened. Virgin Galactic begins regular tourist flights to the
00:00:22
edge of space. All that and more coming up on Space Time.
00:00:28
Welcome to Space Time with Stuart Garry.
00:00:47
NASA's Mars Curiosity Rover has faced its toughest climb on the
00:00:52
Red Planet to date. The Kasai six world Rover has been slowly
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moving up the lower foothills of gel craters, Central Peak Mount
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Sharp. Shortly before the Rover 's 11th anniversary on the Red
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Planet.
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Its team helped guide it up a very steep and slippery slope to
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examine meteor craters on August the fifth this year, NASA's
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curiosity notched up its 11th year on Mars by doing what it
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does best studying the Red Planet's surface.
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The intrepid bot recently investigated a location
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nicknamed Jiao which is pot marked with dozens of impact
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craters. Scientists have rarely gotten a close up view of so
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many Martian craters in the one place. The largest is estimated
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to be at least as long as a basketball court. Although most
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are a lot smaller.
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Chow is a pit stop for the Rover 's journey through the foothills
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of Mount Sharp. Each layer of this mountain features a
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different era of Mars's ancient climate. And the higher
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curiosity goes, the more scientists learn about how the
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landscape changed over time, but it's not been an easy task.
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The path up the mountain over the past few months has required
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the most arduous climb curiosity 's ever undertaken. Now, there
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have been steeper climbs and riskier terrain but the missions
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never faced the trifecta of challenges posed by this slope.
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A sharp 23 degree incline, slippery sand and will sized
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rocks. This trifecta's left the rovers struggling through a half
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dozen drives in May and June vexing curiosity's drivers back
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on Earth Rover driver, Amy Hall from NASA's Jet Propulsion
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Laboratory in Pasadena, California says it's like
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driving up a sand dune on the beach with the added obstacle of
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boulders.
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Hale's one of 15 Rover planners, they write hundreds of lines of
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code designed to command the mobility system of the Rover as
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well as its robotic arm.
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Now, unlike the Howard Wallow Wiz character of the sitcom Big
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Bang Theory, they don't actually operate the Rover in real time
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using a wheel and throttle instead instructions are fed to
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Mars the night before and the data comes back to Earth only
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after the Rover's completed its task.
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These engineers collaborate with the scientists to figure out
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where to direct the Rover, what pictures to take and which
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targets to study using the instruments on its 2 m long
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robotic arm. But Rover planners are also constantly on the
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lookout for hazards.
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They need to write commands to steer around pointy rocks and to
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minimize wear and tear on curiosity's battered wheels.
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Judges on the team use their field experience here on Earth
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to help look out for deep sand and unstable rock formations.
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There's even a role on the mission to gauge whether a
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canyon wall or a mountain could obstruct radio communications
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with Earth. Curiosity was never in any danger during its time to
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jow.
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The team doesn't plan anything that could endanger the Rover
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and there are already commands uploaded to curiosity that will
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stop the Rover moving if it encounters any surprises,
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unexpected stoppages referred to as faults can occur from time to
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time when the wheels slip too much or a wheels raised too high
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by a large rock curiosity. Strategic route planning is led
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by jpl's Dane Shoen.
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Shoen says the Rover found itself in both scenarios on
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several occasions while on its way to Jiao each day. When the
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team arrive at work, they find out whether or not they're
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faltered for one reason or another. Instead of continuing
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to struggle with the original course, Shoen and his colleagues
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put together a lateral detour, eyeing a spot roughly 100 and 50
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m away where the incline levels off.
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At least it seems to see. The planners are relying on imagery
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from NASA's Mars Reconnaissance orbiter in order to get a rough
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sense of what the terrain is like. But those images captured
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from space can't show exactly how steep the slope is or
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whether there are big boulders there.
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The detour should add just a couple of weeks to the journey
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to jaw. That is unless the terrain is holding more hidden
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surprises. And if that's the case, the detour may well have
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been for nothing. And the team's scientists will have to keep
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looking for another path up. Mount Sharp. Fortunately, on
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this case, the detour paid off and curiosity was able to crest
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the slope.
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Since the difficult descent, curiosity, scientists have
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wrapped up their investigation into Joo's crater cluster common
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on Mars crater clusters can form when a meteor breaks apart in
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the planet's atmosphere or when fragments are tossed out by a
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larger more distant meteoroid impact.
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Scientists want to understand how the relatively soft rocks of
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the salt enriched terrain are affected by the way the craters
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formed and how they're changed over time. Despite all that mass
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has thrown at curiosity, the Rover isn't slowing down. It'll
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soon be off again to explore another area high up on Mount
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Sharp. This report from NASA TV.
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Here in the Mars Yard test rovers try out terrain that the
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actual rovers on the Red Planet have to deal with curiosity has
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been facing a particularly challenging last couple of
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months and here to tell us all about that is Rover driver Dane.
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Welcome.
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Thanks Marina. And that's right. The last two months we've been
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climbing a steep part of Mount Sharp, which has been quite a
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challenge. The good news is our team has found a detour and
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we're back on track when we made the original plan to drive over
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this ridge years ago, we were using orbital images which
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aren't detailed enough to show us all of the hazards.
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It was only when curiosity got close and took images of the
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area that we could see just how much of a challenge it would be.
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It's like the difference between Google maps and street view.
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There are three things that make driving on Mars hard, steep
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slopes, rocks, and sand and this ridge had all three.
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We tried seven drives on the original route, but we kept
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slipping and we have to be careful with curiosity's wheels
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as they've already taken a lot of hits on the rough Martian
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terrain. We zig zagged around this area for a couple of weeks
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trying to make our way up the ridge, but we just weren't
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making any progress. We needed to try something different. Let
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's head to the place where we plan our routes.
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From testing to actually planning the Rover drives. How
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did you come up with a new route?
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Well, there's actually a team of us that plan our routes which
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can be tricky. We're essentially off roading because there's no
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roads on Mars yet. Us, Rover planners work with the science
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team members to pick our routes to get to the interesting
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locations while avoiding the hazards.
00:07:20
After so many faulted drives on this particular route, we knew
00:07:23
we needed to pull the plug and find an area nearby with lower
00:07:26
slopes, less sand and fewer boulders. We decided to make our
00:07:29
way for an area 150 m away. It was a month long commitment to
00:07:33
take the detour with no guarantee, we wouldn't run into
00:07:35
difficult train again, but at least we were moving forward.
00:07:38
And that's life on Mars.
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I get to look at images of Mars every day. So I really get a
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sense of the landscape. I often feel like I'm standing there
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right next to curiosity, looking back at just how far it has
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climbed, getting curiosity through that challenge over the
00:07:53
last two months has been a huge accomplishment and so rewarding.
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So where is curiosity headed to next?
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Well, we're headed back to the original route up Mount Sharp
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where we recently investigated a cluster of craters. We don't see
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the scale of craters very frequently. So the science team
00:08:07
wanted to check it out.
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Curiosity is celebrating its 11 year anniversary and is still
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going strong. There's something new to discover every day when
00:08:15
you're going, where no Rover has gone before.
00:08:23
This is Space Time. Still to come. Discovery of a Demon
00:08:27
Particle. And it's taken a while, but Virgin Galactic
00:08:31
finally begins regular tourist flights to the edge of space.
00:08:35
All that and more still to come on Space Time.
00:08:52
Yeah.
00:08:53
Ok. Let's take a short break from our show or a word from our
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Stuart Gary.
00:10:54
Back in 1956 theoretical physicist David Pines predicted
00:10:59
that electrons in a solid can do something strange while they
00:11:03
normally have a mass and an electric charge Pyne's
00:11:07
hypothesized that they can combine to form a composite
00:11:10
particle that is both massless neutral and does not interact
00:11:14
with light. He named the potential particle a demon.
00:11:18
Since then, it's been speculated that this Demon Particle plays
00:11:22
an important role in the behaviors of a wide range of
00:11:25
metals. Unfortunately, the same properties that make the Demon
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Particle interesting have also allowed it to elude detection
00:11:32
since its prediction.
00:11:34
But now a team of researchers led by Peter Amonte from the
00:11:38
University Of Illinois have finally found pine demon 67
00:11:42
years after it was first hypothesized a report in the
00:11:46
journal nature says they used a non standard experimental
00:11:50
technique that directly excites a material's electric modes
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allowing them to see demons signature in the metal
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strontium.
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Rather a provost superconductor derived from ruhe acid. Abert
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says demons have been theoretically conjectured for a
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long time but experimentalists have never studied them. In
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fact, Aber and colleagues weren't even looking for it, but
00:12:12
it turned out they were doing exactly the right thing to find
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it.
00:12:15
One of the most important discoveries of condensed matter
00:12:18
physics is that electrons lose their individuality in solids
00:12:23
electric interactions make the electrons combine to form
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collective units with enough energy electrons can form
00:12:30
composite particles called plasmon with a new charge and
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mass determined by the underlying electric
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interactions.
00:12:37
However, the mass is usually so large that plasmon cannot form
00:12:42
with the energies available at room temperature. Pyne's
00:12:45
however, found an exception if a solid has electrons in more than
00:12:49
one energy band as many metals do. He argued that their
00:12:53
respective plasmon can combine in an out of phase pattern to
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form newer plasmon that are massless and neutral.
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In other words, a demon now, since demons are massless, they
00:13:03
can form with any energy. And so they may exist at all
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temperatures. And this led to speculation that they have
00:13:10
important effects in the behavior of multi band metals.
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But demons neutrality means they don't leave a signature in
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static and dense matter experiments. The vast majority
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of experiments are done with light and they measure optical
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properties. But being electrically neutral means that
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demons don't interact with light. So a completely different
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kind of experiments needed. And this is where Amonte and
00:13:33
colleagues come in.
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They were studying strontium rather name for an unrelated
00:13:37
reason. The metal is similar to high temperature superconductors
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without being one, hoping to find clues as to why this
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phenomenon occurs in other systems. They were conducting
00:13:47
the first survey of the metal's electronic properties.
00:13:50
Now, scientists at Kyoto University had already
00:13:53
synthesized high quality samples of the metal which Amonte
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examined using momentum resolved electron energy loss
00:14:00
spectroscopy. A nonstandard technique it uses energy from
00:14:04
electrons shot into a metal to directly observe the metal's
00:14:07
features including plasmon that form.
00:14:10
But as the researchers began looking through the data from
00:14:13
this experiment, they found something unusual an electric
00:14:17
mode with no mass. Now, at first, they had no idea what it
00:14:21
was. Demons are not in the mainstream. They did joke about
00:14:25
the idea of a Demon Particle, but then they ruled it out and
00:14:28
kept looking for other alternatives.
00:14:30
But eventually, as they started to rule other things out, they
00:14:33
began to suspect that they may actually have discovered a real
00:14:37
demon in its matter. Theorists were then asked to calculate the
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features of strontium Ruther Eight's electronic structure.
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Pyne's prediction of demons necessitates rather specific
00:14:47
conditions.
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And it wasn't at all clear as to whether strontium Ruther Eight
00:14:52
had a demon. But when the authors performed the
00:14:55
macroscopic calculation to clarify what was going on, they
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found a particle consisting of two electron bands isolating out
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of phase with nearly equal magnitude. Just as pints had
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predicted, they had found their Demon Particle.
00:15:11
This is Space Time still to come. Virgin Galactic finally
00:15:16
begins regular tourism flights to the edge of space. And later
00:15:20
in the science report, a new study shows that young people
00:15:23
who Vape are more likely to develop bronchitis. All that are
00:15:28
more still to come on Space Time.
00:15:46
Virgin Galactic has now commenced regular flights
00:15:49
carrying tourists to the edge of space. The 90 minute flights
00:15:52
reach over 80 kilometers in altitude just short of the 100
00:15:56
kilometer high carbon line which marks the internationally
00:15:59
recognized official start of space.
00:16:02
The point where reaction systems rather than flight services are
00:16:06
needed to guide a vehicle. The suborbital mission named
00:16:10
Galactic two was Virgin's second commercial flight. The first
00:16:14
just over a month ago, carried a team of Italian Air Force flight
00:16:18
crew to undertake a series of experiments in microgravity.
00:16:22
The start of regular space tourism flights for the rich and
00:16:25
famous is the culmination of a two decades old dream by British
00:16:30
billionaire Richard Branson Virgin Galactic's founder
00:16:34
passengers paying around half a million dollars each take off
00:16:37
from a conventional runway carried aloft the border, a
00:16:39
winged rocket plane, the spaceship two which is taken to
00:16:43
an altitude of around 45 ft matted between the unique twin
00:16:47
fuselages of the White Knight two mothership.
00:16:51
The space plane is then drop launched, falling for a few
00:16:54
seconds before lighting up its hybrid rocket engine which
00:16:57
quickly accelerates the craft vertically to over three times
00:17:00
the speed of sound in just eight seconds.
00:17:03
Once the thrust runs out, momentum continues to carry the
00:17:06
ship to the aperture of its sub orbital ballistic flight path
00:17:10
where passengers get to enjoy a few brief moments of
00:17:13
weightlessness and the magnificent splendor of seeing
00:17:16
the curvature of the Earth and the thin blue line of the planet
00:17:19
's life giving atmosphere against the velvet blackness of
00:17:23
space all too soon.
00:17:25
However, the experience is over as the craft glides back down
00:17:30
into the Earth's atmosphere for a conventional runway landing so
00:17:34
far Virgin Galactic sold over 800 tickets ranging in price
00:17:38
from a quarter of a million dollars at the start up to
00:17:40
around half a million dollars.
00:17:42
Now, the company's main competitor in the suborbital
00:17:45
space tourism sector is Jeff Bezos's blue origin and it has
00:17:50
quite an advantage having already sent 31 people into
00:17:53
space beyond the Carmen Line using a conventional vertical
00:17:56
lift rocket called New Shepherd.
00:17:59
However, that company's been temporarily grounded following
00:18:02
the crash and burn of a New Shepherd on an unmanned flight
00:18:05
in September last year. Needless to say they're hoping to get
00:18:09
back into the business as soon as possible. This Space Time and
00:18:29
time. Now to take another brief look at some of the other
00:18:32
stories making news in science. This week.
00:18:34
With the science report, a new study warns that young people
00:18:38
who Vape are more likely to develop bronchitis or experience
00:18:42
shortness of breath independently of whether they
00:18:44
also smoke cigarettes or cannabis.
00:18:47
The findings reported in the journal thorax are based on a
00:18:50
study of school students over four years detailing their
00:18:54
smoking and vaping habits as well as any respiratory issues.
00:18:58
Researchers say that even when they take into account the
00:19:01
influence of smoking cigarettes or cannabis, in addition to
00:19:04
vaping vaping alone was associated with a higher risk of
00:19:08
respiratory symptoms.
00:19:11
Well, it seems that while Chat GP TS latest versions are better
00:19:16
at citing real scientific studies to support the advice it
00:19:19
gives, they're still referencing a lot of fake articles as well.
00:19:23
A report in the journal of the American Medical Association
00:19:26
tested the capacity of the A I chatbot to help create medical
00:19:30
training content.
00:19:32
The authors put both Chat GP T 3.5 and its newer version Chat
00:19:37
GP T four to the test. It asked both of them questions about
00:19:41
learning health systems and asking them to cite journal
00:19:45
articles to back up their claims and then verifying as to whether
00:19:48
or not the sources they chose were legitimate. The researchers
00:19:52
found some 98 per cent of the references given by Chat GPT 3.5
00:19:57
were fake.
00:19:58
And even with a newer version Chat GBT Four, it still found
00:20:02
more than 20.6 per cent of references were also fake. What
00:20:07
all that means is that Chat GP T 3.5 should never be used to help
00:20:12
create medical training content. And Chat GP T four should only
00:20:16
ever be used with humans manually verifying everything it
00:20:21
claims.
00:20:23
Swinburne University has just launched a new $5.2 million
00:20:27
supercomputer that'll help astronomers, medical researchers
00:20:31
and environmental scientists across the country. The new
00:20:34
facility named Knowledge Of The Void will start by helping to
00:20:38
investigate mysteries of space including gravitational waves,
00:20:42
black holes and galaxy formation.
00:20:45
It'll also help study the human brain through analysis of brain
00:20:48
data by neuroscientists and it will analyze the planet through
00:20:51
Earth observation data generated from satellites and other
00:20:55
ecosystem studies. The centre's director Professor Matthew Bales
00:20:59
says what used to take researchers and students weeks
00:21:02
or even months to achieve on their desktops can now be done
00:21:05
in just a matter of hours.
00:21:07
Apparently, it's specially designed to help researchers
00:21:10
facing massive data sets like detecting gravitational waves
00:21:14
from supermassive black holes by performing quite literally
00:21:17
trillions of calculations every second for weeks.
00:21:21
On end this week, on Alex On Tech LG launches a new 27 inch
00:21:27
portable smart TV. New warnings about sleeping with iphones on
00:21:31
charge and Google improving its search results with generative
00:21:36
AI to make the results smarter with the details. We're joined
00:21:40
by technology editor Alex Sahara Rout from Tech Avis, start live.
00:21:44
The pictures that LG is showing is of the TV, in the back of a
00:21:47
boot because you're having a picnic and the car's backed up
00:21:50
or it's sitting on a picnic table.
00:21:52
What's the difference between this and a good laptop?
00:21:55
Well, you don't normally get laptops in 27 inches. And so
00:21:58
this is a television that is in a suitcase. So it looks like a
00:22:02
piece of luggage. It has a Dolby Atmos speakers inside a battery.
00:22:06
It lasts for three hours space for, I guess, various cables and
00:22:09
accessories, but it's also a touch screen, basically like a
00:22:12
giant web os tablet.
00:22:13
You can run different apps, you can have your Disney and Netflix
00:22:16
and other apps. You can play a whole range of different games.
00:22:19
It's $999. So it's probably going to be almost double that
00:22:22
in Australia because our currency at the moment is lower
00:22:25
than ever. But it's something that, you know, do you need it?
00:22:27
Can you watch those things or play games on your smart phone
00:22:30
or tablet? Sure.
00:22:31
But if you've got everything already or you just want to have
00:22:34
the ultimate sort of entertainment experience on the
00:22:36
go on a device that doesn't require setting up screens like
00:22:39
a projector for everyone to crowd around like a smartphone
00:22:42
or a tablet. Then this is your device and it's obviously a much
00:22:46
better viewing experience than even a 17 inch laptop.
00:22:49
Ok. Let's move on to Apple's warning about sleeping next to
00:22:52
your iphone. Is it safe to charge them overnight with their
00:22:56
lithium batteries and everything like that? I mean, we've seen
00:22:58
what's happened to e scooters. Yes.
00:23:00
Look, scooters are normally more roughly handled than your
00:23:04
smartphone. I mean, sure people drop their smartphones all the
00:23:06
time but you know, we have cases that have shock absorption and
00:23:09
also the smartphone batteries are normally designed to charge
00:23:13
slowly at night time to get to about 80%.
00:23:16
And then over the course of a couple of hours, as you're sort
00:23:18
of getting ready to wake up based on your normal sleep
00:23:20
cycles, it will then charge to the 100% range. Now, what Apple
00:23:24
is warning about is that people sleep with their phones at night
00:23:28
and then the phone ends up underneath the pillow, one, the
00:23:30
blankets.
00:23:31
And they're saying that having charging cables under the
00:23:33
blanket, having the phone under the blankets, there's no air,
00:23:37
there's no ventilation or airflow. And that in theory,
00:23:40
because you don't hear about it very often, but in theory, it
00:23:42
could overheat and cause a fire.
00:23:44
And I did hear some years ago of somebody who was charging their
00:23:47
phone and somehow got the necklace they were wearing, sort
00:23:49
of caught up in between the connections that plugged into a
00:23:52
power board and somehow got electrocuted. But I mean, that's
00:23:55
would be even rarer. So at Apple 's website, in their important
00:23:59
safety information, they say don't sleep on a device power
00:24:01
adapt to a wireless charger.
00:24:03
We place them under a blanket pillow or your body when it's
00:24:05
connected to a power source. And of course, when you're asleep
00:24:07
and you're rolling around in bed, you could easily have that
00:24:10
happen. So it's a good idea to put your phone on a mag safe
00:24:13
wireless charger or separately on a little bedside table.
00:24:16
And with IOS 17, you have that stand by mode if you want it
00:24:19
where it's showing you the time and widgets and you can do that
00:24:22
actually in a red light mode like the Apple ultra watch so
00:24:26
that it doesn't affect your eyesight at night with bright
00:24:29
lights.
00:24:30
Let's move on to something that is smart that is AI and it's
00:24:33
getting smarter Google have been experimenting with it in their
00:24:36
labs and Google has.
00:24:37
Rolled out the features inside labs dot Google dot com. It's
00:24:40
not actually rolled out fully to the public as yet. They're
00:24:43
testing it. They did launch it about three months ago and speak
00:24:45
about it at their Google IO. But a second set of experiences as
00:24:50
part of their generative search experience have been launched.
00:24:53
And these help you to see the definitions of unfamiliar terms.
00:24:57
They also help you your understanding of coding and the
00:25:00
different languages. They also help you to get a faster
00:25:04
understanding of the topic at hand.
00:25:05
And so what that means for the last one is that as you're
00:25:09
browsing the web and you're looking at the ins and outs of a
00:25:12
new topic, they say that they've got long and complex web pages.
00:25:15
It's not easy to hone in on the details. And so coming to chrome
00:25:19
on the desktop and also the Android and IOS apps, the
00:25:23
generative AI can help you navigate information online and
00:25:26
get to the core of what you're looking for even faster.
00:25:29
And that's what Google wants to do because it knows that if you
00:25:31
can ask chat GPT a question and it can just give you the answer,
00:25:34
what do you need Google for? So Google has to preserve the
00:25:37
search experience as we know it, but it has to enhance it.
00:25:40
And so this is search generative evolution whilst your browser
00:25:44
and I guess Google wants to be there with you as you search the
00:25:47
web just like, you know, sidebars in your browser, just
00:25:50
like Microsoft wants to have this sidebar on windows, that
00:25:52
sort of is always open and always there as you're in word
00:25:55
or other programs that you can cut and paste information from
00:25:58
into the chatbot search box and sort of have it, do things have
00:26:02
it summarize it for you or explain certain things or
00:26:04
transcribe videos and audio for you and then allow you to export
00:26:08
those back into what you're doing.
00:26:10
Google wants to have that whilst you're on the web because most
00:26:13
of the time we spend on the web these days, even if we have all
00:26:16
those other apps open. So all the companies are coming at it
00:26:18
from different angles.
00:26:19
And, you know, by the end of the decade, the computing
00:26:21
experience, as we know, it will be much more automated and much
00:26:24
friendlier and much more attuned to what one's needs and desires
00:26:27
are. And we'll be trying to guess what we're wanting to know
00:26:29
next. All the details about this and other stories that I've been
00:26:32
speaking about. It's all at Tech Advice dot life, that's.
00:26:35
Alex Sahara Roy from Tech Advice dot life and that's the show for
00:26:55
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