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This is Space Time series 26 episode, 100 and 21 for
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broadcast on the ninth of October 2023. Coming up on Space
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Time, another delay for the launch of NASA's Psyche mission
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to a metallic asteroid. Scientists examine what causes
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planet Earth's strongest lightning bolts and the FAA
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releases its report on Blue Origin's crash and burn all that
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and more. Coming up on Space Time.
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Welcome to Space Time with Stuart Gary.
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Mission managers have rescheduled the launch of NASA's
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Saki spacecraft to a metal asteroid this time for a week to
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October the 12th. The delay will allow NASA enough time to update
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the configuration of the spacecraft thrusters. NASA says
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the decision to go with a reschedule was made during a
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flight readiness review.
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It gives engineers more time to verify parameters used for the
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nitrogen coal gas thrusters that orient the spacecraft. The
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parameters required the changes after engineers concluded that
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the thrusters would be operating at warmer temperatures than what
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had originally been predicted. Operating the thrusters within
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temperature limits is essential to ensure the long term health
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of the units.
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The verification work involves running simulations and making
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adjustments to flight parameters and procedures. This delay will
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take a week from the mission's three week launch window. The
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spacecraft has daily instantaneous launch
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opportunities from October the 12th through to the 25th. That
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would allow it to fly its trajectory to the asteroid
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Psyche.
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That trajectory was revised last year when the spacecraft missed
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its original launch date of August 2022. That was because of
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software testing problems. An investigation into that delay
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uncovered significant institutional problems at the
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Jet Propulsion Laboratory which contributed to the slurp and
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which an independent review panel says has now been
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resolved.
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Still the year long delay increased mission costs from
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just under a billion dollars to some 1.2 billion. And it pushed
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back the spacecraft's arrival time of the asteroid Psyche from
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2026 to 2029. The Psyche spacecraft will fly aboard a
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SpaceX Falcon heavy rocket and launch complex 39 A at the
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Kennedy Space Center in Florida.
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The falcon heavy is made up of three falcon nine core stages,
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strapped side by side, the spacecraft will be traveling
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some 3.6 billion kilometers in order to rendezvous with a 279
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kilometer wide metal rich asteroid which is one of the
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most massive objects in the main asteroid belt between Mars and
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Jupiter 16.
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Psyche is a large m type metallic asteroid. It was
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discovered back on March the 17th, 18 52 and it's named after
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the goddess Psyche, one of the most celebrated characters of
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Greek mythology. She was known as the goddess of the soul. Her
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name meant breath of life and she was closely linked with the
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inner human world. It said her beauty rivaled that of
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Aphrodite.
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The goddess of love. The prefect 16 signifies it was the 16th
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minor planet to be discovered. It's the largest and most
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massive of the M type asteroids and one of the dozen most
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massive asteroids known. In fact, it contains about 1% of
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the total mass of the main asteroid belt.
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Historically, it was hypothesized that Psyche was the
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exposed metallic core of a small planetary body, a collision with
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another object stripped away the crust and mantle of the
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originally much larger differentiated parent body,
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which would have been around 500 kilometers in diameter. A second
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hypothesis suggests that Psyche was disrupted and then
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gravitationally re accreted into a mix of metal and silicate.
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Now, if this case is correct, Psaki may well be a candidate
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for the parent body of a class of stony iron meteorites. The
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latest hypothesis suggests that Psyche may be a differentiated
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object like ceres or vesta, but it's experienced ferro volcanism
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while cooling.
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Now, if this one's true, the model predicts that the metal
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would be highly enriched only in those regions containing relic
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volcanic centers. And this idea has been bolstered by recent
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radar observations of the asteroid. Now, scientists from
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the South West Research Institute in Boulder Colorado
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are using telescopes to observe the asteroid in infrared.
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Providing context for NASA's Psyche mission Stephanie Jarma
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using the James Webb Space telescope to look for water
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signatures on the surface of Psyche. While Anisia Arredondo
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is using some of the last data led by the stratospheric
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observatory for infrared astronomy or Sophia airborne
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telescope to study differences in Sae's composition at
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different points on its surface.
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Previous observations indicate that Saki is a dense largely
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metallic object originally thought to have been the
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leftover core of a failed planet using telescopes at different
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infrared wavelengths provides different complementary
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information as to what the asteroid really is still despite
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all the attention it's getting now, Psyche remains somewhat
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mysterious.
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That's because some of the previous observations have given
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conflicting results, for instance, showing variability in
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its surface composition in near infrared wavelengths as well as
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hence of hydration on its surface. And that's interesting
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because the web observations are designed to determine if water
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exists on Psyche surface.
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Jac says observations across the three and six micro and
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wavelength range are telling scientists if hydration is
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present either in the form of hydroxyl or as actual water. But
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of course, if they didn't find it, that wouldn't be surprising
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considering Psyche is thought to be a mostly metallic world.
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Arredondo used the Boeing 747 mounted Sophia telescope to scan
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the asteroid in the infrared as it rotated to better understand
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if Psyche really could be the remnant core of a differentiated
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proto planet Aaron DDOS says if it were, then mo impacts would
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have stripped all of the outer layers off the asteroid, leaving
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only the metallic core behind. But those same impacts could
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also lead to variability.
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And the problem here is observations indicate that
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Psyche is metal, no big surprise there, but there's not a lot of
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variation with rotation, at least not from what we can see
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in mid infrared. Of course, the thing is metallic asteroids are
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relatively rare in our solar system. And so Psyche could
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still offer unique opportunity to see inside a planet.
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However, Psyche is so unusual, it could also surprise
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scientists and suggest a different story of how solar
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system objects formed. All of the observations using different
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techniques, keep showing results that don't make sense in context
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with each other. And that's why the Psyche mission is so
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important. This report from NASA TV.
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There aren't many classes of objects left in our solar system
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that we haven't looked at up close with the spacecraft. And
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one of them that's left is the metal asteroids.
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16 Psyche is an asteroid that orbits the sun out between Mars
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and Jupiter.
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The reason that Psyche is unique is that it is metal rich.
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It's believed that it may be a remnant core of an early plane
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that was formed in the very, very earliest parts of the
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formation of the solar system.
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And after this planet started forming and this metal core
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formed inside of that, it collided with other bodies that
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then stripped off the rocky mantle leaving this core in
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place.
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This is the part of planets that we can't sample directly today.
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It's too hot.
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The pressure is too high. Our instruments would melt, can't
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drill a hole that deep in the Earth or other planets. So how
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do we study the core of our planet?
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Psyche gives us the opportunity to visit a core. The only way
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that humankind can ever do, and it would be the first metal
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object that humankind has ever visited.
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After launch, we cruise through interplanetary space for a
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number of years. First we fly by Mars for a gravity assist
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that'll slingshot us into the asteroid belt and then we're
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thrusting all the way from there to finally arriving at Psyche.
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We'll go into four orbits to collect the necessary
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measurements that we need from our three primary instruments.
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So our payload consists of a couple of images which are
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cameras that take pictures of Psyche. Also a gamma and neutron
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spectrometer, which allows us to measure the elemental
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composition of the surface of Psyche. And then a magnetometer
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which will allow us to detect any magnetic field that's left
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at Psyche.
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If Psyche still has some sort of remnant magnetic field that that
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probably tells us it really was a core. It's a strong indicator.
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We also use the radio on the spacecraft as an instrument. So
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we can map out the gravity and map out the interior structure.
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That way we're using a particular thruster technology,
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hall effect thruster technology. They operate five times more
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efficiently than normal rockets. So they use a lot less fuel and
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is what allows us to get into orbit around. This asteroid.
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Solar electric propulsion has been around for quite a while
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and it has flown before, but we are continuing going to push the
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boundaries. We're gonna have big five panel fold out solar panels
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that will provide the electricity for the thrusters
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which use as propellant, the noble gas Xenon.
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This will be the first time that hall effect thrusters are flown
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in deep space.
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Studying the evolution of a planetary body is a detective
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story.
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There's a magic to when you actually are on the launch pad
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and you say we're go for launch and you feel like singing and
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dancing and you feel like throwing up at the same time,
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let's go discover things about our solar system that we have no
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other way to do.
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I think that it's fundamental to who we are and also who we
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should be. It's an incredible opportunity to be a part of the
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team making that happen.
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And in that report from NASA TV, we heard from Psyche mission
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Image Instrument lead Jim Bell from Arizona State University
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Psyche mission, principal investigator Lindy Elkins Tanon
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from Arizona State University Psyche mission Gravity Science
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Investigation Lead Maria Zoo from the Massachusetts Institute
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Of Technology mit Psyche mission projecting manager, Henry Stone
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from NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena,
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California and Psyche mission chief engineer for operations.
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David O also from NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory. This is
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Space Time still to come what causes Earth's strongest
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lightning and the Federal Aviation Administration releases
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its report into the crash and burn of Blue Origin's New
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Shepherd last year. All that and more still to come on Space
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Time.
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Scientists have found that the planet's most powerful lightning
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events known as super bolts are more likely to strike the closer
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the storm clouds, electrical charging zone is to the land or
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ocean's surface.
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The finding is reported in the A 's Journal Of Geophysical
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research shows how these conditions are responsible for
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super bot hot spots above some oceans and tall mountains. Super
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bolts make up less than 1% of all the Earth's lightning. But
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when they do strike, they pack a powerful punch.
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See an average lightning strike contains around 300 million
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volts but super bolts are 1000 times stronger and so they can
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cause some real major damage. The study's lead author Avi E
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Frame from the Hebrew University Of Jerusalem says, although
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super bolts only make up a very tiny percentage of all
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lightning, they represent a magnificent phenomenon.
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A 2019 report found super bolts tender cluster over the North
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East Atlantic Ocean, the Mediterranean Sea and the
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Altiplano in Peru and Bolivia, which is one of the tallest
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plateaus on Earth. Ephraim.
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And colleagues wanted to find out what makes these powerful
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events more likely to occur in one place rather than another.
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And their work provides the first explanation for the
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formation and distribution of super bolts over land and sea.
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Globally. Thunderstorm clouds often reach 12 to 18 kilometers
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in height and they span a wide range of temperatures.
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But for lightning to actually form a cloud meets the straddle
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the ice line, the region within the cloud where air temperature
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reaches zero °C above the freezing line in the upper
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reaches, the cloud electrification takes place and
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generates the lightning's charging zone.
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Ephraim wondered whether the changes in the freezing line
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altitude and subsequently changing zone height could
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influence the storm's ability to form super bolts. Past studies
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have already explored whether super bolt's strength could be
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affected by sea spray, by shipping lane emissions by ocean
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salinity and even by dust from the desert.
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But all those studies were limited to regional bodies of
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water and therefore could only explain part of their regional
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distribution.
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A global explanation for super bot hot spots remained elusive
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to determine what causes super bots the cluster over certain
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areas. E framing colleagues needed to know the time location
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and energy of selected lightning strikes which they obtain from a
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set of radio wave detectors.
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They use these lightning data to extract key properties from the
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storm's environment including land and water surface i
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charging zone height, cloud top and base temperatures and
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aerosol concentrations. They then look for correlations
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between each of these factors and super bolt strength,
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cleaning new insights into what causes stronger lightning.
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And what doesn't the authors found that contrary to previous
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studies, aerosols didn't have a significant effect on super bolt
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strength.
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Instead, a smaller distance between the charging zone and
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either land or water surface led to significantly more energized
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lightning storms close to the surface allow higher energy
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bolts to form because generally a shorter distance means less
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electrical resistance and therefore a higher current and a
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higher current means stronger lightning bolts.
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The three regions that experience the most super bolts,
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the North East Atlantic Ocean, the Mediterranean Sea and the at
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Plano all have one thing in common short gaps between
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lightning discharge zones and surfaces.
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Ephraim says the correlation was very clear and significant
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knowing that a short distance between a surface and the cloud
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's charging zone leads to more super bolts will help scientists
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determine how changes in climate could affect the occurrence of
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super bolt lightning. In the future, warmer temperatures
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could cause an increase in weaker lightning but more
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moisture in the atmosphere could counteract that.
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So the scientists think there's no definitive answer yet. Afram
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and colleagues now plan on exploring other factors that
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could be contributing to super bolt formation, things like the
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planet's magnetic field and changes to the sun's 11 year
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solar cycle.
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This is Space Time. Still to come. The FAA releases its
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report on Blue Origin's crash and burn. And later in the
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science report, the 2023 Nobel Prizes in physics, chemistry and
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medicine have been awarded in Sweden. All that and more.
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Coming up on SpaceTime.
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The US Federal Aviation Administration report into the
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midair failure which destroyed a Blue Origin New Shepherd rocket
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has ordered a list of 21 corrective actions which need to
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be undertaken before the company can fly again.
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Command engine start two, one confirms the Shepherd has
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cleared the and the FAA found that the incident on September
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the 12th last year was caused by a faulty be three engine nozzle
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due to higher than expected engine operating temperatures.
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This caused the New Shepherd launch vehicle to fail a minute
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and three seconds after left off just as it was entering Max Q.
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The point of maximum dynamic pressure on the vehicle at this
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point, the rocket briefly begins throttling back in order to even
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out stresses on the vehicle and then it throttles up again. And
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it was around this point that the New Shepherd launch vehicle
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failed at an altitude of around 28 ft.
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The en three engine throttled up as we're going to push up to Max
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Q again. That's the point where the aerodynamic stress on the
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vehicle is at its maximum throttle back and then continue
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on up to space.
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The launch vehicles on board system detected the anomaly and
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triggered an abort and separation of the capsule from
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the propulsion module and then shut down the main engine.
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It appears we've experienced an anomaly with today's flight.
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This wasn't planned and we don't have any details yet.
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The capsule was unmanned for mission NS 23 and was instead
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carrying 34 scientific experiments as preprogrammed in
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the event of a booster failure. The capsule quickly undertook an
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automated emergency ejection separating clear of any failing
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booster debris and parachuting safely back down to the ground
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crew.
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Capsule was able to escape successfully. The drugs have
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deployed and the mains are going to be pulled out next. All
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right, the mains are out, they're reefed, they're going to
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be expanding as the mains inflate, the capsule will
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stabilize.
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That's looking like a successful execution for the crew capsule
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and escape system and the crew capsule continuing to descend
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under its three main chutes West Texas mountains in the
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background as we come down towards the desert floor, we're
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going to expect that retro thrust system to fire again that
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will take out most of the energy in the landing.
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In addition to the parachutes, there goes the retro thrust
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system, our backup safety systems kicked in today to keep
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our payload safe. During an off nominal situation.
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Remains of the booster appear to have crashed relatively intact
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on the desert floor. Blue Origin surfa carried 31 people into
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space on sub orbital ballistic flights reaching space means
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passing an altitude of 100 kilometers. The Carmen line
00:19:45
where aerodynamic surfaces can no longer control the operation
00:19:48
and movement of a spacecraft and instead some form of reaction
00:19:52
engine like thrusters need to be employed.
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Meanwhile, while Blue Origin remain grounded, their
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competitor in the space tourism industry, virgin galactic has
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carried out four ballistic flights right up to the edge of
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space. This is Space Time and time now to take a brief look at
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some of the other stories making news and science.
00:20:27
This week with the science report, the Royal Swedish
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Academy Of Sciences has awarded the 2023 Nobel Prize in Physics
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to Anne Hula, Pierre Agostini and Frank Kraus for their
00:20:41
separate work on atto second laser pulses used for studying
00:20:45
spinning electron dynamics in matter.
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An atto second is the quin trillionth of a second. This new
00:20:52
research has given humanity new tools for exploring the movement
00:20:56
of electrons inside atoms and molecules. A phenomenon that was
00:21:00
long thought to be impossible to trace. See electrons move so
00:21:04
fast that they've been out of the reach of human efforts to
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isolate them.
00:21:09
But by looking for just the tiniest fraction of a second
00:21:12
possible. The at a second, scientists now have a blurry
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glimpse of them and that opens up a whole lot of new science.
00:21:19
The work will allow scientists to study the subatomic movement
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of spinning electrons, a field that could one day lead to
00:21:26
better electronics and disease diagnoses.
00:21:29
Meanwhile, the Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine for 2023
00:21:34
has been awarded to Drew Weissman and Cataline Ko for
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their discovery considering nucleotide base modification,
00:21:41
which enabled the development of an effective MRN A vaccine
00:21:45
against the COVID-19 virus.
00:21:48
Their work showed that base modified MRN A can be used to
00:21:51
block activation of inflammatory reactions and increase protein
00:21:55
production when MRN A is delivered into cells. The
00:21:59
discovery fundamentally changed science's understanding of how
00:22:03
MRN A interacts with the immune system and it's had a major
00:22:06
impact on society during the recent COVID-19 pandemic.
00:22:11
And the 2023 Nobel Prize in chemistry was awarded to Maji
00:22:15
Bowe Lewis Bros and Alexei Ekimov for their discovery and
00:22:20
synthesis of quantum dots. Quantum dots are nanoparticles
00:22:25
so tiny that quantum effects determine their characteristics.
00:22:29
Today, quantum dots are an important part of nanotechnology
00:22:33
's toolbox.
00:22:34
Back in the early 19 eighties, this year's chemistry Laureates
00:22:38
succeeded in creating quantum dots independently of each
00:22:41
other. And in 1993 they developed methods for
00:22:45
manufacturing quantum dots keeping their quality extremely
00:22:49
high a vital prerequisite for their use in today's
00:22:52
nanotechnologies.
00:22:55
A new study is looking at people 's attitudes towards Daylight
00:22:59
Saving which began this month in all Australian States and
00:23:02
territories except Queensland, Western Australia and the
00:23:05
northern territory internationally. It's a
00:23:08
controversial topic with Europe looking at trying to abolish it
00:23:11
altogether while the United States is going the other way
00:23:15
they want to adopt it all year round.
00:23:17
Now, the Sleep Health Foundation 's formed a working group to
00:23:20
review the current literature and to form a position
00:23:23
statement. And it's also just launched a national survey to
00:23:27
ask the Australian public what they really think about Daylight
00:23:31
Saving. The survey is especially looking for patterns relating to
00:23:35
postcodes, sleeping preferences such as whether you're a night
00:23:38
owl or an early bird.
00:23:41
Polish. And French. Researchers say a commercially available
00:23:44
water additive with pomegranate extract limits the reformation
00:23:48
of plaque and tartar on dogs teeth after they've been to
00:23:51
doggy dentists for a clean. The findings were reported in the
00:23:55
journal frontiers of veterinary science could help man's best
00:23:58
friend avoid gum disease in the long term.
00:24:02
This study which was funded by the company that makes the
00:24:04
treatment looked at dental hygiene in 40 dogs with MD gum
00:24:08
disease after a professional clean and split them up into two
00:24:11
separate groups. One group received further treatment while
00:24:15
the other group was given plain water.
00:24:18
After a month. During which time, none of the dogs had their
00:24:20
teeth brushed. The dogs that received the treatment scored 47
00:24:24
per cent lower for the amount of plaque and 24 per cent lower for
00:24:28
the amount of Tatar compared to the dogs given just plain water.
00:24:33
The Therapeutic Goods Administration says reports made
00:24:36
last year, about two boys dying from the COVID vaccines were
00:24:40
false. A spokesperson for the Australian drug regulator says
00:24:44
both reports were found to be hoaxes. Jim Mendham from
00:24:48
Australian skeptics says the claims were part of ongoing
00:24:51
disinformation campaigns by anti vaxxers.
00:24:54
The issue is that of course, in anything like a pandemic or, and
00:24:59
then vaccines, etc, the conspiracy theorists come out
00:25:02
and saying they're being coerced by government into having these
00:25:05
dangerous treatments. And so they will look for anything they
00:25:09
can to find evidence that what they're being forced to do or
00:25:12
what they rejecting their particular cases is either
00:25:15
illegal or immoral or it's dangerous, right?
00:25:18
So they will spread falsehoods readily without any moral
00:25:22
control or ethical controls or anything. They will lie through
00:25:25
their teeth and finding them out is the hard thing. But they did
00:25:28
find out about a couple of them, just a couple that were reports
00:25:31
in 2022 that two boys, one aged six and one aged seven had died
00:25:35
because of COVID vaccines.
00:25:36
So the Therapeutic Goods Administration which was charge
00:25:39
of authorizing approving vaccines went into these claims,
00:25:43
they receive a lot of reports of negative side effects or
00:25:46
whatever and they have to log them all.
00:25:48
It's part of the duty when you see a pharmaceutical with all
00:25:51
these lists of possible side effects, most of them happen to
00:25:53
one person or something and you wonder if it was actually
00:25:55
associated. But anyway, that's the law and they do that and
00:25:58
then they go and look at them and there was especially when
00:26:00
you talk about death. They received these two reports after
00:26:03
the COVID vaccination and they turned out be hoaxes.
00:26:05
Both of them said that a seven year old boy had died from an
00:26:08
adverse event following immunization with an unspecified
00:26:11
brand of COVID vaccine. And the separate report in the same year
00:26:15
claimed a six year old boy had died after receiving the Pfizer
00:26:18
vaccine. Now, what they found out was that these were hopes
00:26:20
that these things never happened.
00:26:21
And the TGA has actually reported the details of nine
00:26:25
deaths in children ranging from 5 to 17 years after COVID
00:26:28
vaccine between September 21 and March 23. So they pretty much as
00:26:32
long as we've had the vaccine, but they emphasized that it is
00:26:35
correlation not causation necessarily like a death that
00:26:38
follows the vaccine is not necessarily caused by the
00:26:40
vaccine.
00:26:41
And that's what the difference was that for a start these two
00:26:43
children to death were hoaxes, right? We're not even quite sure
00:26:46
if the kids existed at all, right. And that the deaths they
00:26:49
do know about none of them, of kids have been definitely
00:26:52
attributed to the vaccine itself. There's been no
00:26:54
attribution of deaths because of the.
00:26:57
So that's what they've got to be careful of. But nonetheless,
00:27:00
those two reports of kids dying, boys dying were spread far and
00:27:03
wide. And then because you know, if the authorities report and
00:27:07
say no, these never happened, the response from the conspiracy
00:27:10
theories are you're covering it up. So it's a bit of a no win
00:27:12
for the authorities in that case.
00:27:14
But at least they pointed out that these two kids didn't die
00:27:17
just like the dive. Suddenly movement. That's been around for
00:27:19
a while where suddenly you're getting these athletes that have
00:27:22
dropping, that are dying because they've had the claims that
00:27:24
they've had COVID vaccines, celebrities, actors, actresses,
00:27:27
whatever the same thing. Most of these people may not have had a
00:27:30
vaccine recently.
00:27:31
They may not have had a vaccine at all. And a lot of them have
00:27:33
very good reasons for why they might have sort of fell ill or
00:27:36
even died. But that doesn't stop. I mean, one person that
00:27:39
was quoted in the dive suddenly movement had a car accident was
00:27:42
killed in an accident. So, I mean, it's hardly due to the
00:27:44
vaccine.
00:27:45
That's Tim Ham from Australian Skeptics.
00:28:04
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