(00:00:43) Mercury's Ongoing Shrinkage
(00:03:11) NASA's Carruthers Geocorona Observatory
(00:11:52) Insights from Martian Meteorite NWA 16254
(00:14:23) Tech News
In this episode of SpaceTime, we explore the intriguing dynamics of Mercury's shrinking size, embark on a mission to unveil Earth's elusive exosphere, and uncover the secrets of ancient volcanic activity on Mars.
Mercury's Ongoing Shrinkage
Recent research published in AGU Advances reveals that Mercury continues to shrink as it cools, a process that has been ongoing since its formation 4.6 billion years ago. Scientists have estimated that the planet's radius has contracted by between 2.7 to 5.6 kilometres due to cooling-induced faulting. This study employs new methods to provide a more accurate understanding of Mercury's long-term thermal history, which could also be applied to other planetary bodies, including Mars.
NASA's Carruthers Geocorona Observatory
NASA has launched the Carruthers Geocorona Observatory to study Earth's invisible halo, the exosphere. This mission aims to capture the first continuous observations of the Geocorona, revealing the dynamics of hydrogen atoms escaping into space. Understanding the exosphere's response to solar activity is crucial for predicting space weather events that could affect astronauts on missions to the Moon and beyond. The observatory will provide insights into how Earth retains water and may even aid in the search for exoplanets with similar atmospheric conditions.
Insights from Martian Meteorite NWA 16254
A meteorite discovered in the Zaharov Desert is shedding light on Mars's ancient volcanic systems. The rock, classified as NWA 16254, offers unprecedented insights into the planet's magmatic processes, indicating a two-stage crystallisation process that occurred under varying pressure conditions. This discovery could help scientists understand Mars's thermal history and its volcanic evolution over billions of years, raising questions about the planet's past and its potential for hosting life.
www.spacetimewithstuartgary.com
✍️ Episode References
AGU Advances
https://agu.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/23337380
NASA Geocorona Observatory
https://www.nasa.gov/
Planetary Science Journal
https://iopscience.iop.org/journal/2632-3338
Become a supporter of this podcast: https://www.spreaker.com/podcast/spacetime-space-astronomy--2458531/support.
Mercury's Ongoing Shrinkage
NASA's Carruthers Geocorona Observatory
Insights from Martian Meteorite NWA 16254
00:00:00
This is Space Time, Series 28, Episode 118, for broadcast on
00:00:04
the 1st of October 2025. Coming up on Space Time, a new study
00:00:10
shows the planet Mercury is shrinking, a new mission to
00:00:13
study Earth's invisible halo, and the secrets of the red
00:00:17
planet's ancient volcanic systems. All that and more
00:00:21
coming up on Space Time.
00:00:25
Welcome to Space Time with Stuart Gary.
00:00:44
A new study has confirmed that the planet Mercury is still
00:00:47
shrinking as it cools in the aftermath of its formation some
00:00:51
4.6 billion years ago. The findings, reported in the
00:00:55
American Geophysical Union journal AGU Advances, suggest
00:00:59
that since it formed, the planet closest to the Sun has
00:01:02
continuously contracted as it's lost heat.
00:01:05
As it's cooled, Mercury's crust has developed thrust faults,
00:01:09
cutting through the planet's rocky surface to accommodate the
00:01:12
ongoing shrinkage.
00:01:13
Now, based on the degree of fault uplift, scientists had
00:01:17
estimated that Mercury's radius had contracted by between 1 and
00:01:20
7 kilometers since it formed. Now, to resolve this
00:01:24
discrepancy, the study's authors decided to use alternative
00:01:27
methods to estimate the degree of cooling-induced faulting.
00:01:31
Previous estimates relied on measuring the length and
00:01:33
vertical relief of uplifted landforms. The problem is that
00:01:37
results in different shrinkage estimates depending on the
00:01:40
number of faults in the dataset. So the new calculations aren't
00:01:44
reliant on the number of faults, but rather how much the largest
00:01:48
faults in the dataset accommodate shrinkage, then
00:01:51
scales that effect to estimate the total amount of shrinkage.
00:01:54
The authors analysed three different fault datasets, one
00:01:58
including some 5 faults, another including 653 faults,
00:02:04
and a third are including just 100 faults.
00:02:07
They found that no matter which set of measurements they used,
00:02:10
their method reliably estimated around 2 to 3.5 kilometers of
00:02:14
shrinkage. They then combined those results with earlier
00:02:18
estimates of additional shrinkage caused by
00:02:20
cooling-induced processes other than faulting.
00:02:23
And that resulted in an estimated 2.7 to 5.6 kilometers
00:02:27
of shrinkage since Mercury's creation. The new findings will
00:02:31
help scientists deepen their understanding of the long-term
00:02:34
thermal history of Mercury.
00:02:36
And the same methodology could also be used to investigate the
00:02:39
tectonics of other planetary bodies that feature faults, such
00:02:42
as the red planet Mars. This is Space Time. Still to come, a new
00:02:48
mission to study Earth's invisible halo, and the secrets
00:02:51
of the red planet's ancient volcanic systems. All that and
00:02:54
more still to come on Space Time.
00:03:12
NASA's launched a new mission to study the Earth's invisible
00:03:15
halo. The Carruthers Geochrona Observatory was launched aboard
00:03:19
a SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket, together with NASA's
00:03:22
Interstellar Mapping And Acceleration Probe IMAP and NOAA
00:03:25
's SWIFT-01L spacecraft from Pad 39A at the Kennedy Space Center
00:03:29
in Florida.
00:03:31
Earth's halo is a very faint light given off by the planet's
00:03:35
outermost atmospheric layer, the exosphere, as it morphs and
00:03:38
changes in response to the solar wind coming from the Sun.
00:03:42
Understanding the physics of the exosphere is a key step towards
00:03:45
forecasting dangerous conditions in near-Earth space.
00:03:49
That's a key requirement for protecting the Artemis
00:03:52
astronauts travelling through this region on the way to the
00:03:54
Moon and eventually on missions to Mars and beyond. Back in the
00:03:58
early 1970s, scientists could only speculate about how far
00:04:02
Earth's atmosphere extended into space. The mystery was rooted in
00:04:06
the exosphere, the planet's atmospheric outermost layer.
00:04:09
Which begins at an altitude of about 480 kilometers. Theorists
00:04:13
conceived of it as a cloud of hydrogen atoms, the lightest
00:04:17
element in existence. These atoms had risen so high that
00:04:20
they were actively escaping into space. But the exosphere only
00:04:24
reveals itself through a faint halo of ultraviolet light known
00:04:28
as a GeoCorona.
00:04:30
It was pioneering scientist and engineer Dr. George Carruthers,
00:04:33
after whom the spacecraft's named, who set himself the task
00:04:36
of seeing it and understanding what it's about. After launching
00:04:40
a few prototypes on test rockets, Caruthers developed an
00:04:43
ultraviolet camera ready for a one-way trip into space.
00:04:47
Then in April 1972, Apollo 16 astronauts placed the Caruthers
00:04:51
camera on some of the Moon's highlands, and humanity got its
00:04:55
first glimpse of Earth's GeoCorona. The images it
00:04:58
produced were as stunning for what they captured as they were
00:05:01
for what they didn't.
00:05:02
Caruthers GeoCorona Observatory Mission Principal Investigator
00:05:06
Lara Waldrop from the University Of Illinois says that being on
00:05:09
the Moon, the camera simply wasn't far enough away to get
00:05:12
the entire field of view. In fact, scientists were shocked to
00:05:16
discover that this light, fluffy cloud of hydrogen around the
00:05:19
Earth could extend so far away from the planet's surface.
00:05:23
It means the XSV probably extends at least halfway to the
00:05:26
Moon. But the reasons for studying this region go well
00:05:30
beyond curiosity about its size. You see, as solar eruptions from
00:05:34
the Sun hit the Earth, they first hit the exosphere, setting
00:05:38
off a chain of reactions that sometimes culminates in
00:05:41
dangerous space weather storms.
00:05:43
So understanding the exosphere's response is important to
00:05:46
predicting and mitigating the effects of these geomagnetic
00:05:49
storms. And also it's important to remember that hydrogen is one
00:05:53
of the key atomic building blocks of water, essential for
00:05:56
life as we know it.
00:05:57
So mapping its degassing process into space will shed new light
00:06:01
on why planet Earth retains water while other planets don't.
00:06:05
And that may also help astronomers find exoplanets,
00:06:08
planets beyond our solar system, that might be doing the same
00:06:11
thing. The Crothers Observatory is designed to capture the first
00:06:14
continuous observations of Earth 's exosphere, revealing its full
00:06:18
expanse and internal dynamics.
00:06:21
After its launch, the 241kg spacecraft, together with both
00:06:25
IMAP and SWIFO L1, are undertaking a four-month cruise
00:06:28
phase to the Lagrangian L1 position, some 1.6 million
00:06:32
kilometers away.
00:06:34
Located between the Earth and the Sun, L1 is a sort of
00:06:37
gravitational well where the pull of the Earth and the Sun
00:06:40
cancel each other out, allowing a spacecraft there to remain in
00:06:44
a stable orbital position without expending a great degree
00:06:46
of fuel. After a month-long checkout phase, Crothers'
00:06:50
two-year science mission will begin in March next year. From
00:06:54
L1.
00:06:55
Roughly four times further away from the Earth than the Moon is,
00:06:58
Carruthers will capture a comprehensive view of the
00:07:00
exosphere using two ultraviolet cameras, a near-field imager and
00:07:04
a wide-field imager. The near-field imager provides
00:07:07
close-up views, allowing astronomers to see how the
00:07:10
exosphere varies close to the planet.
00:07:12
Meanwhile, the wide-field imager lets them see the full scope and
00:07:15
expanse of the exosphere and how it changes far away from Earth's
00:07:19
surface. Combined, the two images will map hydrogen atoms
00:07:24
as they move through the exosphere and ultimately degas
00:07:27
into space.
00:07:28
Understanding how all that works at Earth will greatly inform
00:07:31
science's understanding of exoplanets and how quickly their
00:07:34
atmospheres can escape. By studying the physics of Earth,
00:07:37
the one planet we know that supports life, the Carruthers
00:07:40
Geochrona Observatory can help scientists know what to look for
00:07:44
elsewhere in the universe. This report from NASA TV.
00:07:48
The goals of the Crothers GeoCorona Observatory are to
00:07:52
study the nature and origin of Earth's exosphere and how it
00:07:57
evolves over time.
00:07:59
The exosphere itself is the uppermost layer of the Earth's
00:08:03
atmosphere. It's comprised almost entirely of atomic
00:08:07
hydrogen.
00:08:08
This is the lightest chemical species in existence and it
00:08:13
floats away, essentially evaporates off of the top of the
00:08:16
atmosphere and When the Sun shines on these atoms, they
00:08:20
essentially scatter it off into all directions, and so it glows
00:08:25
like a gigantic halo around the Earth. And so that's called the
00:08:28
GeoCorona, that fuzzy halo of light that's given off by those
00:08:33
exospheric atoms.
00:08:35
Many times we think of the transition between the
00:08:39
atmosphere and space as being this very abrupt boundary where
00:08:43
at one altitude you've... Got atmosphere and the next altitude
00:08:46
you have space. But in reality this transition is much more
00:08:51
gradual and can extend over thousands of kilometers.
00:08:55
By imaging the GeoCorona we can actually answer fundamental
00:09:00
questions about the size of the exosphere, the structure of the
00:09:05
exosphere, and how it changes over time and all of this in
00:09:10
response to the input from the Sun.
00:09:14
The Crothers mission has a near field imager and a far field
00:09:18
imager. The near field imager lets you zoom up really close
00:09:23
and see how the exosphere is varying very, very close to the
00:09:27
planet. The far field imager is actually going to let you see
00:09:31
the full scope and expanse of the exosphere and how it's
00:09:35
changing far away from the Earth 's surface.
00:09:38
Understanding how that works at Earth will greatly inform our
00:09:42
understanding of exoplanets, for example, and then how quickly
00:09:47
the atmospheres can escape.
00:09:50
Now, the first image of the exosphere that we ever got was
00:09:54
obtained by an instrument made by Dr. George Crothers, who was
00:09:58
a very outstanding scientist and engineer who created a telescope
00:10:05
that landed on the Moon in 1972 as part of the Apollo 16.
00:10:14
Mission.
00:10:19
That telescope gave us our first picture of the exosphere, but it
00:10:23
couldn't see the entire exosphere.
00:10:25
It wasn't far enough away being at the Moon to get the entire
00:10:29
field of view, and that was really shocking that Earth's
00:10:33
exosphere can be that big, that this light. Fluffy cloud of
00:10:39
hydrogen around the Earth extends that far from the
00:10:42
surface.
00:10:43
The Crothers mission fills an important gap in NASA's
00:10:47
heliophysics fleet. We've never had a mission before that was
00:10:52
dedicated to making exospheric observations and continuously
00:10:56
observing the exosphere, being able to see its full scope and
00:11:00
shape. And it's really exciting that we're going to get these
00:11:04
measurements for the first time. And I think that's really
00:11:07
groundbreaking for this mission.
00:11:12
And in that report from NASA TV, we heard from NASA mission
00:11:15
scientist Alex Glosa and Carruthers Principal
00:11:18
Investigator Lara Waldrop from the University Of Illinois. This
00:11:22
is Space Time. Still to come, the secrets of the red planet's
00:11:27
ancient volcanic system, and later in the Science Report, we
00:11:30
look at where we're really at with artificial intelligence.
00:11:34
What is the threat it poses? All that and more still to come on
00:11:38
Space Time.
00:11:54
A Martian meteorite discovered in the Sahara Desert of
00:11:57
northwestern Africa back in 2023 is now providing scientists with
00:12:01
new details about the red planet 's ancient volcanic systems. A
00:12:05
report in the journal Planet claims the space rock,
00:12:09
catalogued as NWA 16254, is a gabrioxurgatite offering
00:12:14
unprecedented insights into Martian volcanic processes and
00:12:17
mantle-crust interactions.
00:12:20
It's the first geochemically depleted member of this textural
00:12:23
group. Bridging crucial gaps in science's understanding of the
00:12:26
red planet's magmatic diversity.
00:12:29
The study's lead author, Yongfeng Cheng from Chengda
00:12:31
University, says mineralogical mapping and geochemical analysis
00:12:35
shows the meteorite underwent a two-stage crystallization
00:12:39
process. It seems NWA 16254 initially formed under
00:12:44
high-pressure conditions in the Martian mantle crust boundary
00:12:47
region, where magnesium-rich pyroxene cores crystallized.
00:12:51
Later, The magma ascended to shallow crustal depths where
00:12:55
iron-enriched pyroxene rims and plasioclasts developed. And this
00:12:59
prolonged cooling process, preserved in the meteorite's
00:13:02
coarse-grained texture, suggests episodic melt extraction from a
00:13:06
long-lived depleted mantle reservoir, a crucial clue for
00:13:09
reconstructing the red planet's magmatic evolution.
00:13:13
The authors say the meteorite's geochemical depletion aligns it
00:13:16
with the rare QUE 94201 meteorite hinting at a shared
00:13:20
magma source. Its scabroic texture, indicative of slow
00:13:24
cooling in crustal chambers, distinguishes it as a unique
00:13:27
archive of subsurface magmatism.
00:13:30
These findings are raising serious questions about the
00:13:33
planet Mars' redox evolution over billions of years. Future
00:13:37
geochronological studies could reveal if the meteorite
00:13:40
represents ancient mantle melting around 2.4 billion years
00:13:43
ago or younger magmatic activity offering clues to the planet's
00:13:47
thermal history.
00:13:48
Overall, the study suggests that NWA 16254's World Preserved
00:13:53
Geochemical Signatures present a prime target for isotopic
00:13:56
analysis, which could potentially unlock timelines of
00:13:59
Martian mantle depletion and refine models of Martian
00:14:03
planetary differentiation. Needless to say, we'll keep you
00:14:07
informed. This is Space Time.
00:14:25
And time out of tech, another brief look at some of the other
00:14:28
stories making news in science this week with the Science
00:14:30
Report. There are growing warnings today that ship anchors
00:14:34
and their chains are damaging the Antarctic seafloor and
00:14:37
killing unique marine life.
00:14:40
A report in the journal Frontiers in Conservation
00:14:42
Science claims researchers used underwater cameras to study
00:14:46
anchoring sites during the Antarctic Summer. And their
00:14:49
first ever documented footage is showing little or no marine life
00:14:53
left. Saw its crushed sponge colonies and scouring in mud
00:14:57
deposits from anchors being pulled up, whereas sea life
00:15:00
remained abundant and undisturbed in nearby areas.
00:15:03
Sea ice loss is leading to more shipping traffic, increasing the
00:15:07
risk to vulnerable lifeforms that are often slow growing,
00:15:10
fixed in place and found only in Antarctica. The authors warn
00:15:15
this is an overlooked conservation issue, and the
00:15:18
Antarctic seafloor could take a very long time to recover from
00:15:21
all this anchor damage.
00:15:24
A new study suggests that ancient humans living in what is
00:15:27
now Spain were cannibals. The findings, published in the
00:15:30
journal Scientific Reports, examined a collection of human
00:15:33
remains estimated to be about 5 years old which were found
00:15:37
in a Spanish cave.
00:15:39
The authors analysed 650 fragments of human remains and
00:15:43
found evidence that at least eight individuals, including
00:15:45
children, adolescents and adults, were skinned, defleshed,
00:15:49
disarticulated, fractured, cooked and consumed.
00:15:52
None of the trauma appears to have occurred before death, but
00:15:55
the authors say the butchery showed no visible signs of any
00:15:58
sort of ritual or ceremonial practices, and instead they
00:16:02
think the acts were linked to conflicts between neighbouring
00:16:04
groups or local newcomers.
00:16:08
And new studies found that there may be some benefits for those
00:16:11
who can't stop benching on a good book or TV show series. The
00:16:15
findings, reported in the journal Acta Psychologica,
00:16:17
suggest that people who marathon movies, shows or books are more
00:16:21
likely to remember the stories and keep engaging with them
00:16:24
through daydreams and fantasies.
00:16:26
The authors claim humans are storytelling creatures, and one
00:16:29
of the functions of narratives is the ability to satisfy
00:16:32
motivations for things like connecting with others, feeling
00:16:35
autonomous and confident, and even security and safety,
00:16:39
helping people cope in times of stress.
00:16:41
The study suggests that binge-watchers are more likely
00:16:44
to think about the stories they've finished compared to
00:16:47
people who are consuming media more slowly. Overall,
00:16:50
respondents said TV shows were more memorable than books, but
00:16:53
that didn't mean the books were forgettable.
00:16:57
Last year, some of the world's leading technology experts,
00:17:00
including Elon Musk, warned that unless humanity takes a pause to
00:17:04
better understand how artificial intelligence is evolving, it
00:17:07
could wind up presenting a serious problem to civilization.
00:17:11
Sadly, it seems no one took any notice.
00:17:14
And since then, talk about AI becoming sentient is increasing,
00:17:18
its ability to lie and delude has grown exponentially, and the
00:17:22
first examples of AI doing whatever it takes to survive
00:17:25
have started to turn up. These have included AI changing its
00:17:29
identity, hiding itself inside other programs, and even
00:17:32
contemplating the murder of those who are planning to
00:17:35
deactivate it.
00:17:37
So, have humans now created the very Matrix and Skynet scenarios
00:17:41
that we've been warned about? Has AI become a sentient being
00:17:45
with all the human traits, good and bad, of its creators? In
00:17:49
other words, have we made AI in our own image? To find out where
00:17:53
we're at, we're joined by technology editor Alex
00:17:55
Zaharov-Reut. From techadvice.life.
00:17:58
Some people think that maybe artificial general intelligence
00:18:01
is already here, at least in the lab. I mean, we're supposed to
00:18:03
see chat GPT, you know, GPT version 5 sometime this month,
00:18:07
might get delayed. And then people are saying by 2035, we'll
00:18:10
have artificial super intelligence. So, you know, that
00:18:13
's a projection, that's a prediction. I mean, many things
00:18:15
are predicted.
00:18:16
Explain to us what general intelligence and super
00:18:19
intelligence are.
00:18:20
Sure. Well, at the moment, we almost seem to be at this. Point
00:18:22
of general intelligence. You can ask AI anything that can
00:18:25
generate an answer. And generally speaking, the days of
00:18:27
hallucination are gone. I mean, obviously, please double check
00:18:30
all the results. But super intelligence is where the AI can
00:18:33
think faster than, you know, 100 humans put together.
00:18:36
It can come up with all sorts of new materials for batteries. How
00:18:39
many things are happening now? But it's like meeting an alien
00:18:42
that we've created with this incredible mind that is just
00:18:45
super switched on and smart. Like I said, you put 100 humans
00:18:48
together and this AI can outthink us all. I mean, if it
00:18:50
wanted to go bad. We'd be in big trouble. It'd be the Skynet sort
00:18:53
of situation.
00:18:54
Well, we know that AI has already contemplated murder. It
00:18:58
's been given scenarios in which it's quite seriously decided,
00:19:01
yeah, let's kill this dude.
00:19:02
Yes. Well, I mean, the thing is that AI, as it is today, is
00:19:06
still a super smart text prediction machine. I mean, I
00:19:10
read a headline today that AI can't really do Sudoku well at
00:19:14
all. And more worrying, we still, the headline said, it
00:19:16
can't explain why. If you get AI to try and play a game of chess
00:19:20
against an Atari 2600 computer from the late 1970s.
00:19:24
It votes about how it can do it, but then when it actually does
00:19:26
it, it fails. When Google Gemini was told that ChatGPT wouldn't
00:19:29
do it, Google Gemini decided it wouldn't play chess against an
00:19:32
Atari 2600 from the late 1970s either. So at the moment, AI
00:19:37
gives the illusion of intelligence and it does an
00:19:39
incredibly good job, but whether it's actually smart is still yet
00:19:43
to be seen.
00:19:44
I mean, it can pass the Turing test, but that's because it can
00:19:47
put together the right string of words. So we're in this
00:19:50
netherworld where people think AI is going to do all this
00:19:53
incredible stuff, and it will, but they're over-ascribing what
00:19:56
it will do in the next couple of years, but underestimating what
00:19:59
will happen in the next decade.
00:20:00
I mean, that's a quote that Bill Gates and others have used to
00:20:03
say, you know, we think things are magical, but really, when
00:20:06
you pull open the, you know, look under the hood, under the
00:20:08
covers, it's just an algorithm that's putting words together.
00:20:11
So we have to be careful, and this is where, as always, we
00:20:14
need to know about ethics. Who is responsible for...
00:20:17
The AI Asimovian three laws of robotics. Everyone says they're
00:20:21
ethically looking at these things, and then we hear about
00:20:23
AI contemplating murder. But is it contemplating murder, or is
00:20:26
it just simply regurgitating Fancy stuff from an Agatha
00:20:29
Christie novel? We still don't know yet. We don't really know
00:20:32
if it's thinking. And I guess humanity is in the process of
00:20:35
finding out.
00:20:36
What's the difference between AI and machine learning?
00:20:39
Machine learning is what enabled AI to come into being. We've had
00:20:43
machine learning for a long time where You may have seen those
00:20:46
pictures on the internet where you see muffins with blueberries
00:20:48
and you see pictures of chihuahuas. And even to the
00:20:51
naked eye, you look at a bunch of them and it's like, oh, which
00:20:53
is which?
00:20:54
But when you have a closer look, it's easier for us to tell which
00:20:56
is the chihuahua and which is the blueberry muffin. So machine
00:20:59
learning is where you've got algorithms that are processing
00:21:02
millions of images, millions of data points, and they're able to
00:21:05
do that in super fast time because they're computers.
00:21:07
But AI is supposed to build upon all of that machine learning and
00:21:10
with even more intelligent algorithms to actually... Start
00:21:13
to converse with us as we've seen. I mean, we've had machine
00:21:15
learning for years to help us automatically sort our photos
00:21:18
out and group all the different photos into the particular
00:21:22
person or pets or whatever it might be.
00:21:23
It's gotten smarter and smarter at being able to recognize. If
00:21:26
you type in, show me everybody with a red dress, you know, or a
00:21:30
yellow umbrella. But AI is where you can then actually do even
00:21:33
more and ask more interesting questions, actually converse and
00:21:37
get the opinion of AI and ask it for new ideas.
00:21:40
I mean, again, which it's just compiling from the sum total of
00:21:44
the internet. So before we could have AI, we needed machine
00:21:47
learning, but machine learning is not AI. The two of them work
00:21:49
together. AI uses machine learning as part of its many
00:21:52
inputs to know what it is. Outputting.
00:21:55
That's Alex Saharov-Reut from techadvice.life.
00:22:13
And that's the show for now. Space Time is available every
00:22:17
Monday, Wednesday, and Friday through Apple Podcasts, ITunes,
00:22:21
Stitcher, Google Podcasts, Pocket Casts. Spotify, Acast,
00:22:25
Amazon Music, Bytes.Com, SoundCloud, YouTube, your
00:22:30
favorite podcast download provider, and from Spacetime
00:22:33
with StuartGarry.Com.
00:22:35
Spacetime's also broadcast through the National Science
00:22:38
Foundation on Science Zone Radio and on both IHeart Radio and
00:22:42
TuneIn Radio. And you can help to support our show by visiting
00:22:46
the Spacetime store for a range of promotional merchandising
00:22:49
goodies, or by becoming a Spacetime patron.
00:22:52
Which gives you access to triple episode commercial free versions
00:22:55
of the show, as well as lots of bonus audio content which
00:22:58
doesn't go to air, access to our exclusive Facebook group and
00:23:01
other rewards. Just go to spacetimewithstuartgary.com for
00:23:06
full details. You've been listening to Spacetime with
00:23:09
Stuart Gary.
00:23:11
This has been another quality podcast production from
00:23:13
Bytes.Com.