Eris Rocket Launch Delayed
Gilmour Space has postponed the maiden launch of its Eris orbital rocket due to technical issues encountered during pre-flight checks. The rocket, designed to carry small satellite payloads, will now face a delay of at least three weeks as the company investigates the unexpected deployment of the launch vehicle's nosecone fairings. We discuss the implications of this delay and what it means for future commercial launches.
Tectonic Activity on Venus
In a fascinating discovery, scientists have identified possible tectonic activity on Venus, based on data from NASA's Magellan mission. Researchers found evidence of unique geological features known as coronae, which may indicate ongoing deformation of the planet's surface due to molten material from below. This research not only enhances our understanding of Venus but also offers insights into Earth's geological history.
Ancient Asteroid Impact in Scotland
A recent study has revealed that a massive asteroid impact in Scotland occurred 990 million years ago, much later than previously thought. This discovery, based on dating tiny zircon crystals, suggests a connection between this impact event and the emergence of early freshwater eukaryotes on land. We delve into the implications of this revised timeline for our understanding of life on Earth and the environmental changes triggered by such impacts.
www.spacetimewithstuartgary.com
✍️ Episode References
Science Advances
https://www.science.org/journal/sciadv
Journal of Geology
https://www.geosociety.org/publications/gsa/geo.asp
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00:00 This is Space Time Series 28, Episode 60 for broadcast on 19 May 2025
00:54 Gilmour Space's Eris rocket launch delayed
10:15 Possible tectonic activity discovered on Venus
18:45 Billion-year-old asteroid impact in Scotland raises questions about early life on Earth
25:00 Science report: Unexplained communications equipment found in Chinese-made solar panel inverters
00:00:00 --> 00:00:02 Stuart Gary: This is space Time Series 28 Episode 60
00:00:02 --> 00:00:05 for broadcast on 19 May 2025
00:00:06 --> 00:00:09 coming up on Space Time. Gilmour
00:00:09 --> 00:00:11 Space's Eris orbital rocket launch delayed
00:00:12 --> 00:00:15 the discovery of possible tectonic activity on
00:00:15 --> 00:00:17 Venus and a billion year old
00:00:17 --> 00:00:20 asteroid impact in Scotland sparks fresh
00:00:20 --> 00:00:23 questions about life on Earth. All
00:00:23 --> 00:00:26 that and more coming up on Space Time.
00:00:27 --> 00:00:30 Voice Over: Welcome to Space Time with Stuart
00:00:30 --> 00:00:30 Gary
00:00:46 --> 00:00:49 Stuart Gary: Gilmore. Space has scrubbed the maiden launch of its
00:00:49 --> 00:00:52 Eris rocket by several weeks following a series of
00:00:52 --> 00:00:54 technical issues. The test flight which was to
00:00:54 --> 00:00:57 take place last Thursday was initially postponed for
00:00:57 --> 00:01:00 a day following the discovery on Wednesday of a ground
00:01:00 --> 00:01:03 systems glitch with an external power supply on the launch
00:01:03 --> 00:01:05 pad had the company spokesperson.
00:01:05 --> 00:01:08 Communications chief Michelle Gilmour says the issue was
00:01:08 --> 00:01:11 detected during pre flight systems checks.
00:01:11 --> 00:01:14 She says the cause was identified but mission managers
00:01:14 --> 00:01:17 ran out of time to implement the fix and fuel the rocket
00:01:17 --> 00:01:20 in time to meet the Thursday morning launch window.
00:01:20 --> 00:01:23 That forced the scrub and the planned second launch attempt
00:01:23 --> 00:01:25 the following morning. But then on Thursday
00:01:25 --> 00:01:28 evening, an unexpected issue during final testing
00:01:28 --> 00:01:31 triggered the system that jettisoned the launch vehicle's
00:01:31 --> 00:01:33 nosecone fairings which then fell to the ground. The
00:01:34 --> 00:01:37 company CEO Adam Gilmour says no one was injured
00:01:37 --> 00:01:40 in the incident and initial checks have found no damage
00:01:40 --> 00:01:42 to either the rocket or the launch pad. A
00:01:42 --> 00:01:45 replacement set of nose cone fairings are now being
00:01:45 --> 00:01:47 transported to the Bowen launch facility on the northern
00:01:47 --> 00:01:50 Queensland coast from the company's Gold coast factory.
00:01:50 --> 00:01:53 Gilmour says a ah full investigation into the cause of the
00:01:53 --> 00:01:56 unexpected deployment is now underway and that could take
00:01:56 --> 00:01:59 up to two weeks, meaning the next launch attempt is at
00:01:59 --> 00:02:02 least three weeks away. The 23 meter
00:02:02 --> 00:02:05 tall 3 stage Aris rocket is designed to launch small
00:02:05 --> 00:02:08 satellite payloads up to 200kg into low
00:02:08 --> 00:02:11 earth orbit. But the maiden flight's only payload will
00:02:11 --> 00:02:13 be a jar of the popular Australian toast spread
00:02:13 --> 00:02:16 Vegemite. The 30 tonne Eris launch
00:02:16 --> 00:02:19 vehicle uses a unique hybrid propulsion system
00:02:19 --> 00:02:22 comprising a solid inert fuel and a liquid
00:02:22 --> 00:02:24 oxidizer to provide oxygen for the burn.
00:02:25 --> 00:02:28 Gilmour says the company hopes to start commercial launches
00:02:28 --> 00:02:30 late next year or early in 2027.
00:02:31 --> 00:02:33 Needless to say, we'll keep you informed.
00:02:34 --> 00:02:37 This is space time. Still to
00:02:37 --> 00:02:40 come, the discovery of possible tectonic activity on
00:02:40 --> 00:02:43 the planet Venus and the billion year old asteroid
00:02:43 --> 00:02:46 impact in Scotland that spark new questions
00:02:46 --> 00:02:47 about life on Earth.
00:02:47 --> 00:02:50 All that and more still to come on space
00:02:50 --> 00:02:50 time
00:03:02 --> 00:03:03 Foreign
00:03:07 --> 00:03:10 claims that mysterious giant quasi circular
00:03:10 --> 00:03:13 features on the surface of the planet Venus may be evidence
00:03:13 --> 00:03:16 of a new type of tectonic activity. Not Found on
00:03:16 --> 00:03:19 Earth. The findings, reported in the journal Science
00:03:19 --> 00:03:21 Advances are based on archival Ah, data from
00:03:21 --> 00:03:24 NASA's Magellan mission, which launched to map Venus back
00:03:24 --> 00:03:27 in 1989. The authors say
00:03:27 --> 00:03:30 this ongoing tectonic activity May still be
00:03:30 --> 00:03:32 deforming the planet's surface Today.
00:03:33 --> 00:03:36 On Earth, the planet's surface is continually
00:03:36 --> 00:03:39 being renewed by the constant shifting and recycling
00:03:39 --> 00:03:41 of massive sections of crust Known as tectonic
00:03:41 --> 00:03:44 plates. These float on top of a partly
00:03:44 --> 00:03:47 molten, convecting viscous mantle.
00:03:47 --> 00:03:50 Venus doesn't have tectonic plates to
00:03:50 --> 00:03:52 allow heat from deep inside the planet to escape.
00:03:53 --> 00:03:56 But its surface is still being deformed by molten
00:03:56 --> 00:03:58 material from below. Seeking to better
00:03:58 --> 00:04:01 understand the underlying processes Driving these
00:04:01 --> 00:04:04 deformations, Scientists studied a type of feature seen
00:04:04 --> 00:04:07 on Venus and not seen on Earth known as corona.
00:04:07 --> 00:04:10 Ranging in size from dozens to hundreds of
00:04:10 --> 00:04:13 kilometers across, A corona is most often thought to
00:04:13 --> 00:04:16 be the location where a plume of hot buoyant material
00:04:16 --> 00:04:18 from the planet's deep mantle is rising up and
00:04:18 --> 00:04:21 pushing against the lithosphere above. The
00:04:21 --> 00:04:24 lithosphere includes the planet's crust and the
00:04:24 --> 00:04:26 uppermost part of its mantle. These
00:04:26 --> 00:04:29 corona structures are usually oval with a
00:04:29 --> 00:04:31 concentric fracture system surrounding them. And
00:04:31 --> 00:04:34 hundreds of coronae are, known to exist on Venus.
00:04:35 --> 00:04:37 The new study details recently discovered signs of
00:04:37 --> 00:04:40 activity either at or beneath the surface, which is
00:04:40 --> 00:04:43 shaping many of Venus's coronae. Features that
00:04:43 --> 00:04:46 may not only provide a unique window into Venus,
00:04:46 --> 00:04:48 but also the Earth's past. You see,
00:04:48 --> 00:04:51 Venus is often described as Earth's, sister planet.
00:04:52 --> 00:04:55 They're both about the same age and size. They were both
00:04:55 --> 00:04:58 formed at the same time in the same part of the solar
00:04:58 --> 00:05:00 system and out of the same materials under similar
00:05:00 --> 00:05:03 conditions. But whereas Earth was able to
00:05:03 --> 00:05:06 evolve into an oasis where life could exist,
00:05:06 --> 00:05:08 Venus developed a runaway greenhouse effect.
00:05:09 --> 00:05:12 It has surface temperatures of over 460
00:05:12 --> 00:05:14 degrees Celsius. It's hot enough to melt lead.
00:05:14 --> 00:05:17 Atmospheric pressures on Venus are 100 times
00:05:17 --> 00:05:20 higher than what they are on Earth. and the atmosphere is a
00:05:20 --> 00:05:23 thick, poisonous carbon dioxide mixture
00:05:23 --> 00:05:26 pushed down under a thick planet wide cloud cover
00:05:26 --> 00:05:29 that acts as a pressure cooker. And those clouds
00:05:29 --> 00:05:31 rain sulfuric acid onto the ground.
00:05:31 --> 00:05:34 Now there is what looks like snow on Venusian
00:05:34 --> 00:05:37 mountaintops. But that snow isn't ice. It's
00:05:37 --> 00:05:40 metallic. Venus rotates slowly
00:05:40 --> 00:05:43 backwards Compared to most other planets in the solar system.
00:05:43 --> 00:05:45 With the sun rising in the west and setting in the
00:05:45 --> 00:05:48 east. And at 245 Earth days, a
00:05:48 --> 00:05:51 Venusian day is 20 Earth days longer than a
00:05:51 --> 00:05:54 Venusian year. The study's authors found
00:05:54 --> 00:05:56 their evidence for Venus weird tectonic activity
00:05:56 --> 00:05:59 within Data gathered by NASA's Magellan mission, which
00:05:59 --> 00:06:02 orbited Venus during the 1990s and gathered the most
00:06:02 --> 00:06:05 detailed gravity and topography data on the planet available.
00:06:06 --> 00:06:09 The study's lead author, Gail Cascioli from the University
00:06:09 --> 00:06:12 of Maryland and NASA's Goddard Space Flight center in
00:06:12 --> 00:06:15 Greenbelt, Maryland, says coronae are not found on
00:06:15 --> 00:06:17 Earth today. However, they may have existed on our
00:06:17 --> 00:06:20 plan when it was a lot younger, a time before
00:06:20 --> 00:06:22 plate tectonics became established here,
00:06:23 --> 00:06:25 she says. By combining gravity and topography data,
00:06:25 --> 00:06:28 this research has provided a new insight into the possible
00:06:28 --> 00:06:31 subsurface processes which are currently shaping the surface
00:06:31 --> 00:06:34 of Venus. As members of NASA's upcoming
00:06:34 --> 00:06:37 Venus Veritas mission, Cascioli and colleagues are
00:06:37 --> 00:06:40 especially interested in the high resolution gravity data
00:06:40 --> 00:06:43 spacecraft will provide. Magellan used
00:06:43 --> 00:06:45 its radar system to see through Venus's thick cloud
00:06:45 --> 00:06:48 cover, mapping the topography of its mountains and plains
00:06:49 --> 00:06:52 and of the multitude of fascinating geological features
00:06:52 --> 00:06:55 the spacecraft mapped. Coronae were perhaps the most
00:06:55 --> 00:06:58 enigmatic back then. It wasn't clear how
00:06:58 --> 00:07:01 they formed. In the years since, however,
00:07:01 --> 00:07:03 scientists have found many coronae in locations where the
00:07:03 --> 00:07:06 planet's lithosphere is especially thin and heat flow
00:07:06 --> 00:07:09 is high. Over the years, people have proposed
00:07:09 --> 00:07:12 different hypotheses to try and explain how they
00:07:12 --> 00:07:14 formed. The authors of this study developed a
00:07:14 --> 00:07:17 sophisticated three dimensional geodynamic model to
00:07:17 --> 00:07:20 demonstrate various formation scenarios for plume
00:07:20 --> 00:07:23 induced coron, and they then compared them with the combined
00:07:23 --> 00:07:26 gravity and topography data from Magellan. And the
00:07:26 --> 00:07:29 gravity data proved crucial in helping detect less
00:07:29 --> 00:07:31 dense hot and buoyant plumes under the surface,
00:07:32 --> 00:07:34 information that couldn't be discerned from topography data
00:07:34 --> 00:07:37 alone. Of the 75 Krone
00:07:37 --> 00:07:40 studied, 52 appear to have buoyant mantle
00:07:40 --> 00:07:42 material beneath them. That's likely driving tectonic
00:07:42 --> 00:07:45 processes. One key process is
00:07:45 --> 00:07:48 subduction. On Earth, it happens when the edge of one
00:07:48 --> 00:07:51 tectonic plate is driven beneath an adjacent
00:07:51 --> 00:07:53 plate. Friction between the plates can generate
00:07:53 --> 00:07:56 earthquakes, and as the old rocky material from one
00:07:56 --> 00:07:59 plate dives back down into the hot mantle, that
00:07:59 --> 00:08:02 rock melts and is then recycled back to the surface through
00:08:02 --> 00:08:05 volcanic vents. But on, Venus, a different type
00:08:05 --> 00:08:08 of subduction is thought to occur around the perimeter of some
00:08:08 --> 00:08:11 coronae. In this scenario, as a
00:08:11 --> 00:08:13 buoyant plume of hot rock in the mantle pushes upwards
00:08:13 --> 00:08:16 into the lithosphere, surface material rises and
00:08:16 --> 00:08:19 spreads outwards, colliding with with surrounding surface
00:08:19 --> 00:08:22 material and pushing that material back down into the
00:08:22 --> 00:08:24 mantle. Another tectonic process known as
00:08:24 --> 00:08:27 lithospheric Dripping could also be present. This
00:08:27 --> 00:08:30 involves dense accumulations of comparatively cool
00:08:30 --> 00:08:33 material which sinks from the lithosphere down into the
00:08:33 --> 00:08:35 hotter mantle. The authors also identified
00:08:35 --> 00:08:38 several places where a third process could be taking
00:08:38 --> 00:08:41 place, where a plume of hot mantle rock beneath a
00:08:41 --> 00:08:43 thicker part of the lithosphere is potentially driving the
00:08:43 --> 00:08:46 volcanism above it. The research marks the most
00:08:46 --> 00:08:49 recent instance of scientists returning to Magellan
00:08:49 --> 00:08:52 data to find that Venus exhibits geological
00:08:52 --> 00:08:54 processes that are more Earth like than originally thought.
00:08:55 --> 00:08:58 Recently, scientists were able to spot erupting volcanoes
00:08:58 --> 00:09:00 on Venus, including vast lava flows that
00:09:00 --> 00:09:03 vented from Mat Mons, Cif Mons and
00:09:03 --> 00:09:06 Stea Regio in radar images from the orbiter.
00:09:06 --> 00:09:09 Stuart Gary: While those images provided direct evidence of volcanic
00:09:09 --> 00:09:12 action on Venus, the authors of this new study will need sharper
00:09:12 --> 00:09:15 resolution in order to draw a more complete picture about
00:09:15 --> 00:09:18 the tectonic processes driving corona formation.
00:09:18 --> 00:09:21 And the veritas gravity maps of Venus will boost
00:09:21 --> 00:09:24 that resolution by at least a factor of two to four,
00:09:24 --> 00:09:27 depending on the location. That's a level of detail
00:09:27 --> 00:09:30 which could revolutionize science's understanding of Venus
00:09:30 --> 00:09:33 geology and the implications it has for
00:09:33 --> 00:09:34 early Earth.
00:09:35 --> 00:09:38 This is space time still to
00:09:38 --> 00:09:41 come, the billion year old asteroid impact in Scotland,
00:09:41 --> 00:09:43 which has sparked new questions about life on Earth.
00:09:44 --> 00:09:46 And later in the Science report, discovery of
00:09:46 --> 00:09:49 unexplained communications equipment in Chinese
00:09:49 --> 00:09:52 made power inverters used in solar panels and
00:09:52 --> 00:09:55 wind turbines. All that and more still to come
00:09:55 --> 00:09:56 on space time.
00:10:12 --> 00:10:14 Scientists dating a massive asteroid impact zone in
00:10:14 --> 00:10:17 northwestern Scotland have discovered that it actually struck
00:10:17 --> 00:10:20 the Earth some 200 million years later than what was
00:10:20 --> 00:10:23 originally thought. The discovery, reported in the
00:10:23 --> 00:10:25 journal Geology, not only rewrites Scotland's
00:10:25 --> 00:10:28 geological history, but also alter science's
00:10:28 --> 00:10:31 understanding of the evolution of life on Earth.
00:10:31 --> 00:10:34 Previously believed to have occurred 1.2 billion years ago,
00:10:34 --> 00:10:37 the impact created the stack FADA member, a layer of
00:10:37 --> 00:10:40 rock that holds vital clues about Earth's ancient past,
00:10:40 --> 00:10:43 including how meteor and asteroid impacts may
00:10:43 --> 00:10:46 have influenced the planet's environment and life. The
00:10:46 --> 00:10:48 study's lead author, Chris Kirkland from Curtin University
00:10:49 --> 00:10:52 says the key lay in tiny zircon crystals
00:10:52 --> 00:10:55 which acted as geological clocks. Kirkland
00:10:55 --> 00:10:58 and colleagues were able to more accurately date the impact to
00:10:58 --> 00:11:01 990 million years ago. He says
00:11:01 --> 00:11:04 these microscopic zircon crystals recorded the
00:11:04 --> 00:11:06 exact moment of impact, with some even transforming
00:11:06 --> 00:11:09 into an incredibly rare mineral called redite, which only
00:11:09 --> 00:11:12 forms under extreme pressures. Kirkland
00:11:12 --> 00:11:15 says it provides undeniable proof that a meteor
00:11:15 --> 00:11:18 strike did cause the stack far to deposit.
00:11:18 --> 00:11:21 See, when a meteor hits the surface, it potentially
00:11:21 --> 00:11:23 resets the Atomic clocks inside the zircon
00:11:23 --> 00:11:26 crystals and these broken timepieces are often
00:11:26 --> 00:11:29 unable to be dated. But Kirkland and colleagues
00:11:29 --> 00:11:32 developed a new model to reconstruct when the disturbance occurred,
00:11:32 --> 00:11:35 confirming the impact was 990 million years
00:11:35 --> 00:11:37 ago. And this revised impact
00:11:37 --> 00:11:40 date occurred at around the same time some of the
00:11:40 --> 00:11:43 earliest freshwater eukaryotes began to appear on land.
00:11:43 --> 00:11:46 Land eukaryotes, are the ancient ancestors of
00:11:46 --> 00:11:49 today's plants, animals and fungi. And
00:11:49 --> 00:11:52 so it's raising fascinating questions about whether large
00:11:52 --> 00:11:55 impacts may have influenced environmental conditions on Earth
00:11:55 --> 00:11:57 in ways that affected early ecosystems.
00:11:58 --> 00:12:01 See, understanding when meteor impacts occur helps
00:12:01 --> 00:12:04 scientists explore the potential influence on Earth's environment
00:12:04 --> 00:12:06 and the expansion of life beyond the oceans.
00:12:07 --> 00:12:10 Kirkland says while the impact crater itself is yet to be
00:12:10 --> 00:12:13 found, this study has collected further clues that could
00:12:13 --> 00:12:16 finally reveal its location where the crater
00:12:16 --> 00:12:16 itself is.
00:12:16 --> 00:12:19 Generic: But we've got these fantastic sequence of rocks that
00:12:19 --> 00:12:22 tell us about the impact. But we don't know where the exact crater itself is.
00:12:22 --> 00:12:25 There's this classic sequence of geology in Scotland known
00:12:25 --> 00:12:28 as the Torridon. And it has this unit called the
00:12:28 --> 00:12:31 Svat Fada, which is an impact deposit and it contains
00:12:31 --> 00:12:34 shots minerals. So we definitely know it's formed by a big
00:12:34 --> 00:12:36 impact. Unfortunately, we don't know where the crater is yet.
00:12:36 --> 00:12:39 But the sequence of rocks is really interesting
00:12:39 --> 00:12:42 because it contains early eukaryotes. So those are
00:12:42 --> 00:12:45 early fossils of land life, some of the first
00:12:45 --> 00:12:47 evidence of life on the land out of the ocean.
00:12:47 --> 00:12:50 Stuart Gary: These are cells that have got individual parts to them.
00:12:50 --> 00:12:53 Generic: Yeah, that's absolutely right. So what they look like in the rock record are
00:12:53 --> 00:12:55 these kind of crusty surfaces within the rock. So they're quite
00:12:55 --> 00:12:58 distinctive and they've been recognized for a long time. And, because the
00:12:58 --> 00:13:01 impact is in the sequence that contains these fossils, the impact
00:13:01 --> 00:13:04 has been used as a marker bed to define the age of
00:13:04 --> 00:13:07 these fossils. But by, using some new techniques here
00:13:07 --> 00:13:10 at Curtin, we've redated the impact deposit and
00:13:10 --> 00:13:13 shifted its age by, 200 million years. So it's a, it's
00:13:13 --> 00:13:16 a billion year old impact now. And that really helps
00:13:16 --> 00:13:19 us understand Scottish GE lot better, but
00:13:19 --> 00:13:21 also understand the relationship potentially, how
00:13:21 --> 00:13:24 this ancient ecosystem responded to a large
00:13:24 --> 00:13:27 impact event and then the development of these fossils.
00:13:27 --> 00:13:30 Stuart Gary: Is this telling us that this impact may have
00:13:30 --> 00:13:33 allowed the acceleration of the spread of eukaryotes
00:13:33 --> 00:13:36 because these are the, life forms that eventually led to
00:13:36 --> 00:13:37 animals and plants and fungi?
00:13:37 --> 00:13:40 Generic: Yeah, that's exactly right, yeah. You know, we do find
00:13:40 --> 00:13:43 right underneath where the impact deposit is, there is
00:13:43 --> 00:13:46 Some early kind of traces of eukaryotes. but
00:13:46 --> 00:13:49 after the impact deposit, we find more evidence of
00:13:49 --> 00:13:52 these eukaryotes. The reason this
00:13:52 --> 00:13:55 sequence of rocks is so interesting is it's some of the
00:13:55 --> 00:13:58 oldest on metamorphosed. So uncooked
00:13:58 --> 00:14:01 rocks of this age that contain these fossils on
00:14:01 --> 00:14:04 the planet. And the other interesting,
00:14:04 --> 00:14:07 thing about these rocks is they're an old sequence of rivers
00:14:07 --> 00:14:10 and lakes. So this impact came into this ecosystem,
00:14:10 --> 00:14:13 brought a lot of energy with it, fractured the rock, set up
00:14:13 --> 00:14:16 a whole load of chemical reactions, and then we've got this
00:14:16 --> 00:14:18 lovely record of it preserved in Scotland of all those processes
00:14:18 --> 00:14:19 happening.
00:14:19 --> 00:14:22 Stuart Gary: Without an impact crater. How do you know that what you're
00:14:22 --> 00:14:24 seeing was caused by a meteor impact?
00:14:24 --> 00:14:26 Generic: Yeah, that's a great question. So by looking
00:14:27 --> 00:14:30 carefully at the rocks and the minerals they contain. So
00:14:30 --> 00:14:33 the sequence of rocks within it contains some
00:14:33 --> 00:14:36 diagnostic minerals within the geologist's favorite mineral,
00:14:36 --> 00:14:38 zircon. So we love zircon because we can date it and we'll
00:14:38 --> 00:14:41 get to how we do that in a minute. But the crystals themselves have been
00:14:41 --> 00:14:44 fractured and broken and crystallized.
00:14:44 --> 00:14:47 This new mineral called rhedite. And the only way you can really
00:14:47 --> 00:14:50 form rheadite is under extreme pressure with.
00:14:50 --> 00:14:53 So it's pretty diagnostic of having an extreme impact
00:14:53 --> 00:14:55 event, both raising the temperature, ah,
00:14:55 --> 00:14:58 recrystallizing the existing material that's there,
00:14:58 --> 00:15:01 but also developing these shock features within the
00:15:01 --> 00:15:04 crystals. And it's those individual little shock features
00:15:04 --> 00:15:07 that we can date by using an ion beam, that's a
00:15:07 --> 00:15:10 beam of oxygen ions, and picking out these individual little
00:15:10 --> 00:15:13 features that are, smaller than the width of a human hair. And
00:15:13 --> 00:15:16 those are the individual features we can do it, which allows us to
00:15:16 --> 00:15:19 kind of refine the age and hone right in on this 1
00:15:19 --> 00:15:19 billion year old impact.
00:15:19 --> 00:15:22 Stuart Gary: Zircons have been wonderful for geologists and
00:15:22 --> 00:15:25 astronomers and planetary scientists because of how
00:15:25 --> 00:15:28 accurately they're able to date events. What
00:15:28 --> 00:15:31 is it about these zircon, crystals that make them such good timekeepers?
00:15:31 --> 00:15:33 Generic: Yeah, so that's a fantastic mineral. So
00:15:33 --> 00:15:36 zircon, when it grows, it likes to incorporate
00:15:36 --> 00:15:39 a little bit of uranium, and uranium, over
00:15:39 --> 00:15:42 time, changes to lead. So if we measure the ratio of
00:15:42 --> 00:15:44 uranium to lead, that means we've got this inbuilt
00:15:44 --> 00:15:47 stopwatch because we know the conversion rate. the other important
00:15:47 --> 00:15:50 point is when the crystal grows, it
00:15:50 --> 00:15:53 doesn't like to incorporate any lead begin with.
00:15:53 --> 00:15:56 So that means any lead that's present today
00:15:56 --> 00:15:58 has come from the decay of uranium. So that gives us
00:15:58 --> 00:16:01 our stopwatch, our clock. So if our zircon
00:16:01 --> 00:16:04 gets modified reset redrawn
00:16:04 --> 00:16:07 during the impact event, that then allows us to make
00:16:07 --> 00:16:10 this direct connection between a, mineral timekeeper, a
00:16:10 --> 00:16:13 mineral stopwatch, and that, actual process that caused the
00:16:13 --> 00:16:16 shock metamorphism, the shock deformation. And then we can link the two
00:16:16 --> 00:16:16 things.
00:16:16 --> 00:16:19 Stuart Gary: And I take it zircon's not easy to destroy
00:16:19 --> 00:16:22 geologically, so it's got to be a really high
00:16:22 --> 00:16:23 pressure, high temperature event to do that.
00:16:23 --> 00:16:26 Generic: Yeah, that's right. It's one of these wonderful minerals. You know, we
00:16:26 --> 00:16:29 can go to the outback of Australia and look right back into the
00:16:29 --> 00:16:32 deep time history of our planet using the exact same crystals. These
00:16:32 --> 00:16:35 zircon crystals extend all the way back to tell us about the
00:16:35 --> 00:16:37 formless formative history of our planet. But they also,
00:16:38 --> 00:16:40 under extreme event, do change and do get modified.
00:16:40 --> 00:16:43 And those extreme events, such as impact, we can get as well.
00:16:43 --> 00:16:46 So we can get the formation of the grain, but we can also get extreme
00:16:46 --> 00:16:49 disturbance to the grain. And that's what makes it so useful.
00:16:49 --> 00:16:52 Stuart Gary: The fact that you haven't found the impact crater yet. What's that
00:16:52 --> 00:16:52 telling you?
00:16:52 --> 00:16:55 Generic: Yeah, it's telling us some things. I think it's probably telling us that if we
00:16:55 --> 00:16:58 want to find the crater, we might need to get our scuba gear on
00:16:58 --> 00:17:01 and go off into the North Atlantic and look
00:17:01 --> 00:17:03 underwater. it isn't in the exposed
00:17:04 --> 00:17:06 crust of, ah, Scotland as we know it today. It's
00:17:06 --> 00:17:09 probably somewhere offshore. And there's been various suggestions
00:17:09 --> 00:17:12 about somewhere in the water off to the west
00:17:12 --> 00:17:14 of the torridon, which is this beautiful area.
00:17:14 --> 00:17:17 It's kind of a fantastic area to go hill walking in. So it's a
00:17:17 --> 00:17:19 real pleasure to go there and do fieldwork.
00:17:19 --> 00:17:22 Stuart Gary: How do you actually determine the zircon crystals age?
00:17:22 --> 00:17:25 I'm not talking about the uranium to lead ratio, I'm
00:17:25 --> 00:17:27 talking about the equipment used to, achieve that.
00:17:27 --> 00:17:30 Generic: It starts off going in the field and finding rocks
00:17:30 --> 00:17:33 and their relationship through this geography and taking
00:17:33 --> 00:17:36 a sample of rock and bringing it back to the lab. And then that's when the
00:17:36 --> 00:17:39 hard work really begins. So you've got your piece of rock and you need to get
00:17:39 --> 00:17:42 your individual mineral grains out of it. So how do you do that? The
00:17:42 --> 00:17:45 traditional way was to basically put your rock in a big vise and
00:17:45 --> 00:17:47 crush it and split out the grains. That doesn't work
00:17:47 --> 00:17:50 too well for our, impact deformed
00:17:50 --> 00:17:53 zircon, because we want to be a little bit more delicate with it. So, we've got
00:17:53 --> 00:17:56 this technique where we basically fire a lightning bolt bolt
00:17:56 --> 00:17:59 at the rock and it kind of breaks it along grain
00:17:59 --> 00:18:01 boundaries. So you've got this rock and then you, you push a button and
00:18:01 --> 00:18:04 basically lightning bolt hits the rock and it turns to sand
00:18:04 --> 00:18:07 essentially. And you take that sand and you put it into a heavy liquid.
00:18:07 --> 00:18:10 So in the heavy liquid the dense minerals will, sink
00:18:10 --> 00:18:13 and the lighter minerals will float. And that then gives us the ability
00:18:13 --> 00:18:16 to individually pick, using a pair of tweezers, the, the
00:18:16 --> 00:18:19 grains out. So you make sure you haven't drunk coffee for several weeks
00:18:19 --> 00:18:22 beforehand. And you're sitting with a microscope and a pair of tweezers
00:18:22 --> 00:18:24 picking out these individual grains, probably up to about
00:18:24 --> 00:18:26 200 microns in length.
00:18:26 --> 00:18:29 you put them into resin and then you polish the epoxy
00:18:29 --> 00:18:32 resin. And that gives us like a cross section through the grain and have
00:18:32 --> 00:18:35 these beautiful internal textures like tree rings. And those
00:18:35 --> 00:18:37 are the textures that we can look at to determine their
00:18:37 --> 00:18:40 growth process. And then we fire our ion
00:18:40 --> 00:18:43 beams and our laser beams at, ah, the polished surface of these
00:18:43 --> 00:18:45 individual little crystals. So that, that's the full technique.
00:18:45 --> 00:18:47 Stuart Gary: It's a painstaking effort.
00:18:47 --> 00:18:49 Generic: It is, but it's so powerful because, you know, this
00:18:50 --> 00:18:52 same technique is the same technique we use to understand the age
00:18:52 --> 00:18:55 of order particles. It's the same technique that we use to understand
00:18:56 --> 00:18:58 the generation of large
00:18:58 --> 00:19:01 volumes of continental crust. It's the same technique
00:19:01 --> 00:19:04 we use to date archaeological
00:19:04 --> 00:19:06 artifacts. So it's got a whole range of different
00:19:06 --> 00:19:09 uses. And really by linking these individual textures
00:19:09 --> 00:19:12 within the grains to a geological process, we can
00:19:12 --> 00:19:14 link it into the bigger scientific picture.
00:19:14 --> 00:19:17 Processes related to meteorite
00:19:17 --> 00:19:20 impacts and the, well, potentially even the
00:19:20 --> 00:19:23 evolution of life. So, it's very powerful tool.
00:19:23 --> 00:19:25 Stuart Gary: Where does this research go now?
00:19:25 --> 00:19:28 Generic: So I think a really interesting thing that
00:19:28 --> 00:19:31 we've seen recently. You know, we've dated a number of different
00:19:31 --> 00:19:33 impact deposits. We've dated some of the oldest impact
00:19:33 --> 00:19:36 deposits in the Pilbara here in Western Australia, where
00:19:36 --> 00:19:39 we, stretching all the way back to about 3.5
00:19:39 --> 00:19:42 billion years old. And now we're looking at a much younger impact in
00:19:42 --> 00:19:45 Scotland at 1 billion years. They seem to be related to
00:19:45 --> 00:19:48 big changes in, in Earth's evolution. Not
00:19:48 --> 00:19:50 only the biosphere, but also the atmosphere and
00:19:50 --> 00:19:53 changing big climatic conditions as well. What
00:19:53 --> 00:19:56 would be interesting is to get much more accurate
00:19:56 --> 00:19:59 ages on craters from around Earth,
00:19:59 --> 00:20:02 maybe even on the Moon, and see if there is a periodicity
00:20:02 --> 00:20:04 or a pattern to the frequency of when
00:20:04 --> 00:20:07 impacts occur. And I think that's important because it
00:20:07 --> 00:20:09 provides a means of linking geology to
00:20:09 --> 00:20:12 astrophysics. so we Then would have a mechanism of
00:20:12 --> 00:20:15 linking these two sciences that look at things on very different scales,
00:20:15 --> 00:20:17 scale and kind of joining them together and getting a better
00:20:17 --> 00:20:20 holistic understanding of our planet, but also our
00:20:20 --> 00:20:22 planet's place within, the Milky Way itself.
00:20:22 --> 00:20:24 Stuart Gary: Have you found any bits of the, meteorite?
00:20:24 --> 00:20:27 Generic: No, no, we haven't. The closest. We've basically got
00:20:27 --> 00:20:30 a shock, deformed zircon grains that link us
00:20:30 --> 00:20:33 back to that high pressure shockwave and that extreme,
00:20:33 --> 00:20:36 that extreme temperature. the reality with most impact
00:20:36 --> 00:20:38 is they're completely vaporized. So the amount of material
00:20:39 --> 00:20:41 remaining from them, these, it makes it really
00:20:41 --> 00:20:44 challenging to find that if you get lucky, you might find a
00:20:44 --> 00:20:47 chemical signature, but it's, it's very challenging to do that.
00:20:47 --> 00:20:48 Stuart Gary: You say you were able to work.
00:20:48 --> 00:20:51 Stuart Gary: Out where the eukaryotes were. Were you able to see
00:20:51 --> 00:20:54 individual, well, not individual. You were able to see
00:20:54 --> 00:20:56 individual mats of eukaryotes?
00:20:56 --> 00:20:59 Generic: Yeah, yeah. And we haven't, but there has been other
00:20:59 --> 00:21:02 paleontologists who've actually, you know, done a lot of detailed work
00:21:02 --> 00:21:05 and gone all the way down to the individual cell level. Just being
00:21:05 --> 00:21:08 in the field, you can actually see the, these, these maps. So as
00:21:08 --> 00:21:11 a, someone who likes doing field geology and looking at rocks,
00:21:11 --> 00:21:13 yeah, you can see the stuff in the field, but when you get back to the
00:21:13 --> 00:21:16 laboratory, you know, that's when you can really start taking it
00:21:16 --> 00:21:19 apart. And that's the beautiful thing with geology and using
00:21:19 --> 00:21:22 geochemistry with that, you can link observations
00:21:22 --> 00:21:25 on a whole range of scales right from, you know, the chemical
00:21:25 --> 00:21:28 and isotopic side down to the elemental scale,
00:21:28 --> 00:21:30 all the way up through to the crustal scale, the size of
00:21:30 --> 00:21:33 an impact. But also, and it's really nice to think about
00:21:33 --> 00:21:36 the big picture, like thinking about impact
00:21:36 --> 00:21:39 events and if they're periodic and that takes us to, you know, the
00:21:39 --> 00:21:42 size of the Milky Way and the solar system. So, yeah,
00:21:42 --> 00:21:43 that's what I like.
00:21:43 --> 00:21:45 Stuart Gary: That's Professor Chris Kirkland from Curtin University.
00:21:46 --> 00:21:48 And this is space time,
00:21:57 --> 00:21:58 foreign.
00:22:05 --> 00:22:08 Look at some of the other stories making news in science this week
00:22:08 --> 00:22:11 with a science report. American energy
00:22:11 --> 00:22:14 officials have discovered unexplained communications
00:22:14 --> 00:22:17 equipment inside Chinese made solar panel
00:22:17 --> 00:22:19 and wind turbine power converters. The
00:22:19 --> 00:22:22 undocumented communications devices were also found
00:22:22 --> 00:22:25 in Chinese inverters used for batteries for heat
00:22:25 --> 00:22:28 pumps, cellular radios and even electric vehicle
00:22:28 --> 00:22:30 chargers. Now, while inverters are, built with
00:22:30 --> 00:22:33 communications devices to allow remote access for updates
00:22:33 --> 00:22:36 and maintenance, power companies usually install
00:22:36 --> 00:22:39 firewalls to prevent direct communications back to China.
00:22:39 --> 00:22:42 China dominates the world. Renewables market.
00:22:42 --> 00:22:45 And the rogue communications devices, which are not listed
00:22:45 --> 00:22:48 in the product documents, could be used to bypass
00:22:48 --> 00:22:51 firewalls and change the settings of an inverter
00:22:51 --> 00:22:53 remotely. They could switch inverters off to
00:22:53 --> 00:22:56 destabilize power grids and even damage energy
00:22:56 --> 00:22:59 infrastructure, triggering widespread blackouts,
00:22:59 --> 00:23:02 an ability that would be very useful for Beijing in
00:23:02 --> 00:23:05 time of war. The Chinese company
00:23:05 --> 00:23:08 Huawei, which is one of the world's largest suppliers of inverters,
00:23:08 --> 00:23:10 has already been banned from supplying equipment to
00:23:10 --> 00:23:13 Australia's national broadband network. And the United States
00:23:13 --> 00:23:16 has restricted Huawei's access to US technology,
00:23:16 --> 00:23:19 including its 5G network, accusing the company of
00:23:19 --> 00:23:21 activities contrary to national security.
00:23:23 --> 00:23:26 Scientists have, for the first time found the genes linked to
00:23:26 --> 00:23:27 obsessive compulsive disorder.
00:23:29 --> 00:23:31 The findings, reported in the journal nature genetics,
00:23:31 --> 00:23:34 identified 30 regions on the human genome which
00:23:34 --> 00:23:37 are associated with this debilitating yet often
00:23:37 --> 00:23:39 misunderstood mental health condition. The
00:23:39 --> 00:23:42 research involved more than 50 people with
00:23:42 --> 00:23:45 OCD and 2 million people who didn't have the condition.
00:23:45 --> 00:23:48 The authors were able to pinpoint approximately 250
00:23:48 --> 00:23:51 genes which all played a role linked to
00:23:51 --> 00:23:53 OCD. A new
00:23:53 --> 00:23:56 study has found that the origin of reptiles may be up to
00:23:56 --> 00:23:59 40 million years earlier than previously thought.
00:24:00 --> 00:24:02 The findings, reported in the journal Nature, are, based on
00:24:02 --> 00:24:05 fossilized tracks, uncovered at an Australian fossil site.
00:24:06 --> 00:24:09 The footprints belong to an amniote with clawed feet,
00:24:09 --> 00:24:12 most probably a reptile, dating back around 350
00:24:12 --> 00:24:15 million years ago. A
00:24:15 --> 00:24:18 scientist in Canada with an interest in the supernatural
00:24:18 --> 00:24:21 claims to have uncovered parts of the brain that act as
00:24:21 --> 00:24:24 some sort of psychic inhibitor, which he claims
00:24:24 --> 00:24:27 suppresses a person's natural psychic, telepathic
00:24:27 --> 00:24:29 and clairvoyant point abilities. But Tim Mendham
00:24:29 --> 00:24:32 from Australian Skeptics says this amazing discovery,
00:24:32 --> 00:24:35 if true, has so far failed to find any
00:24:35 --> 00:24:38 support in the wider scientific community.
00:24:38 --> 00:24:41 Tim Mendham: It's a story by researchers in New Toronto who are, looking
00:24:41 --> 00:24:44 into a suggestion that something in the frontal lobe actually
00:24:44 --> 00:24:47 blocks intuitive thinking. And that if they zap
00:24:47 --> 00:24:49 it through something called repetitive transcranial
00:24:49 --> 00:24:52 magnetic stimulation, it will unblock the blocker,
00:24:53 --> 00:24:55 it will sort of stop the blocker doing its job. And therefore people will be able
00:24:55 --> 00:24:58 to, oh, suddenly have the psi psychic abilities
00:24:58 --> 00:25:01 that they've always had unleashed. And then they can start doing
00:25:01 --> 00:25:04 telekinetic things, which is moving stuff. And the stuff they're talking about
00:25:04 --> 00:25:07 moving is a random number generator on a computer, which is
00:25:07 --> 00:25:10 interesting. I don't know how you actually physically interact with that, but never mind.
00:25:10 --> 00:25:13 I can imagine doing a dial, a physical analog dial, but I don't
00:25:13 --> 00:25:16 know how you interfere with a digital thing with your psychic abilities.
00:25:16 --> 00:25:19 Problem is with this story, if it was interesting, it'd be great.
00:25:19 --> 00:25:22 It would be fantastic. A real breakthrough. So if it was true, it'd be a
00:25:22 --> 00:25:25 real breakthrough. The trouble is, is it true? The only place I've seen this reported
00:25:25 --> 00:25:28 is a paper in a publication that's one of those
00:25:28 --> 00:25:30 pay to sort of journalist. You give US I think
00:25:30 --> 00:25:33 $3 US and we'll publish your paper. We'll review
00:25:33 --> 00:25:36 it of course, and review the check, but we'll review the paper and
00:25:36 --> 00:25:39 you'll get it in the magazine. So that's the only place I've seen this thing. Now
00:25:39 --> 00:25:41 this should be a breakthrough. It should be everywhere. And I've been
00:25:41 --> 00:25:44 asking, I'm in Australia, so asking people in the US and in Canada
00:25:44 --> 00:25:47 what this is about and they're having trouble tying this one down and locating
00:25:47 --> 00:25:50 any more information about this. Now I believe that the institution where
00:25:50 --> 00:25:53 the main researcher is located is called the
00:25:53 --> 00:25:56 Baycrest Health Sciences. It's part of a university, I
00:25:56 --> 00:25:59 think, which I believe is true is exactly exists. The main doctor
00:25:59 --> 00:26:01 is known for having leanings towards this sort of
00:26:01 --> 00:26:04 psychic abilities and stuff. So it's probably not
00:26:04 --> 00:26:07 new to him. You've got to prove first of all that such abilities
00:26:07 --> 00:26:10 exist. That's been a very difficult thing to do.
00:26:10 --> 00:26:13 Stuart Gary: Convincingly he's been proven even though
00:26:13 --> 00:26:16 the skeptics have huge rewards out for anyone who
00:26:16 --> 00:26:16 can.
00:26:16 --> 00:26:19 Tim Mendham: Yeah, one stage of skeptics had about two and a half million dollars going
00:26:19 --> 00:26:22 to anyone who can prove a psychic ability. And no one has.
00:26:22 --> 00:26:25 The Australian skeptics have got a hundred thousand dollars for the Americans have got
00:26:25 --> 00:26:28 500 U.S. so there's a lot of money out there that someone
00:26:28 --> 00:26:31 with true psychic ability could then go and claim. And then they get the
00:26:31 --> 00:26:34 imprimatur of the skeptic. But they haven't done it. psychics are actually
00:26:34 --> 00:26:36 very shy in coming forward. Funny enough, a lot of other people do probably
00:26:36 --> 00:26:39 who definitely believe they can do what they say. A lot of
00:26:39 --> 00:26:42 psychics, people who come to me seem to definitely believe they have
00:26:42 --> 00:26:45 this psychic ability. But anyone under tests so far, under proper
00:26:45 --> 00:26:48 tests, scientifically controlled tests, no one's been able to win the money
00:26:48 --> 00:26:51 from us or from any other skeptical group. It hasn't happened.
00:26:51 --> 00:26:54 They haven't been able to prove beyond doubt that they can actually do
00:26:54 --> 00:26:57 this even close to death. So yeah, this person
00:26:57 --> 00:27:00 has learned to show that they can unlock this ability in
00:27:00 --> 00:27:02 people and that people can then use Their psychic ability to
00:27:02 --> 00:27:05 move a random number generator, therefore
00:27:05 --> 00:27:08 they prove it. So all you have to do is zap everybody with
00:27:08 --> 00:27:11 rtms, I think it is, which is this particular
00:27:11 --> 00:27:14 treatment, and you'll all be psychic. If that was true, if
00:27:14 --> 00:27:17 this could be done, the world will be different. It'd be a
00:27:17 --> 00:27:19 funny place. If you could really literally unleash the
00:27:19 --> 00:27:22 psychic ability of people, it'd be a very interesting world. If the
00:27:22 --> 00:27:25 only thing they can do is, affect a digital random
00:27:25 --> 00:27:28 number generator, you wonder how useful it going to be. And it's only, it's
00:27:28 --> 00:27:30 only a zero and a one that they're looking at.
00:27:30 --> 00:27:32 Stuart Gary: And they've got a chance anyway.
00:27:32 --> 00:27:35 Tim Mendham: Yeah, yeah, that's right. But if you get an 80%, you know, success rate,
00:27:35 --> 00:27:38 90%. Right. Where they all come at zero, they all come out one
00:27:38 --> 00:27:40 or they all come out as you want them to come out. And as you said
00:27:40 --> 00:27:43 before, I want this to be a one comes up at one. You have to do a lot of tests
00:27:43 --> 00:27:46 for a 50% result by chance to try and make sure it's not
00:27:46 --> 00:27:47 chance.
00:27:47 --> 00:27:49 Stuart Gary: Just because you may have gotten five
00:27:49 --> 00:27:52 ones in a row doesn't mean it's 100%. It
00:27:52 --> 00:27:55 still means a, 50, 50 chance, just that it's happened five
00:27:55 --> 00:27:55 times.
00:27:56 --> 00:27:58 Tim Mendham: That's right. This is called the Monte Carlo effect.
00:27:58 --> 00:27:58 Stuart Gary: Yes.
00:27:58 --> 00:28:01 Tim Mendham: Where people believe that if you go to a roulette wheel and it comes out
00:28:01 --> 00:28:04 red five times in a row or 10 times in a row, it's going to be
00:28:04 --> 00:28:07 black the next time. Not necessarily, because each turn of the dial is
00:28:07 --> 00:28:10 exactly. Has the same odds to get that many together. Yes, it's
00:28:10 --> 00:28:13 unusual, but it's not an indication that things are going to change. So, the Monte
00:28:13 --> 00:28:16 Carlo effect is a common thing, a common issue with gamblers. You think,
00:28:16 --> 00:28:18 well, it must change. My luck must change. You know, the turnouts can't be
00:28:18 --> 00:28:21 this way. Well, they can be, because if one roll of the dice, 50,
00:28:21 --> 00:28:24 50 chance. The next roll of the dice is also a 50, 50
00:28:24 --> 00:28:27 chance. Each one is independent, they don't affect each other. And that's what
00:28:27 --> 00:28:30 the Monte Carlo effect is supposed to be. Previous events
00:28:30 --> 00:28:32 are influencing future events. Doesn't happen.
00:28:32 --> 00:28:35 Certainly not in gambling. Probably won't happen with a random number generator
00:28:35 --> 00:28:36 either.
00:28:36 --> 00:28:39 Stuart Gary: That's Tim Mendham from Australian Skeptics.
00:28:54 --> 00:28:57 And that's the show for now. Space Time is
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