Cosmic Revelations: The Brightest Fast Radio Burst and New Horizons' Hibernation Journey

This is Spacetime Series twenty eight, episode one hundred and seven, for broadcast on the fifth of September twenty twenty five. Coming up on space Time, the brightest fast radio burst ever seen, the new Horizon spacecraft begins, a record setting hibernation period in the Kuiper Belt, and a new way to generate oxygen in space. All that and more coming up on space Time. Welcome to space Time with Stuart Gary. Astronomers have detected what they're describing as the brightest fast radio burst of all time. Fast radio births are ephemeral flashes of energy, often lasting just a few milliseconds, but capable momentarily outshining every other radio source in its galaxy. These flares can be so bright that their light can be seen from halfway across the universe, several billion light years away. The source of these brief and dazzling signals remains unknown, but scientists now have a chance to study one fast radio burst in unprecedented detail. The burst, cataloged as FIB twenty twenty five zero three sixteen A, was detected some one hundred and thirty million light years away and the spiral galaxy NNGC forty one forty one, the constellation ursa major. The discovery, reported in the Astrophysical Journal Letters, is one of the closest fast radio bursts ever detected, and it's also one of the brightest. The burst brightness, paired with its proximity, is giving astronomers their closest look yet at how fast radio bursts evolve and the environments from which they emerge. One of the studies authors, Yoshi Mussui from MIT's Cavali Institute for Astrophysics and Space Research, says this fast radio burst is literally an a cosmic neighborhood, thereby allowing astronomers to study it in exquisite detail. The clarity of the new detection is thanks to a significant upgrade to CHIME, the Canadian Hydrogen Intensity Mapping Experiment, a large array of half pipe shaped antennae based in British Columbia. CHIN was originally designed to detect and map the distribution of hydrogen across the universe, but it turns out the telescope is also sensitive to ultra fast and bright radio emissions. In fact, since it started operations back in twenty eighteen, CHIME has detected more than four thousand fast radio bursts from all parts of the sky, but until now, the telescope hasn't been able to precisely pinpoint the location of each fast radio burst. That all change when Chime recently got a significant upgrade in precision. That was in the form of three outriggers, miniature versions of Chime, each sighted at a different location in North America. These telescopes work together as a single continent size system which can focus in on any bright flash that Chime detects pinpoint its location in the sky with extreme ProCon The new fast radio burst is the first detection made using this new array combination. It appears the burst arose at the edge of a galaxy, just outside of a star forming region. The precise location is allowing scientists to study the environment around the signal for clues as to what may have triggered the event. Now, while it's still a mysterio as to what produces these events, the leading hypothesis points to magnetars. These are young neutron stars with extremely powerful magnetic fields which can spin out high energy flares across the electromagnetic spectrum, including in the radio band. Astronomers suspect that magnetars are found at the centers of star forming regions where the youngest, most active starts are being forged. The location of this new fast radio burst just outside of a star forming region may suggest that the source of this burst is a slightly older magnetar, but Suey says the precise localization of the burst is letting astronomers dive into the details of exactly how old a fast radio burst source could be. If we're right in the middle, will only be a few thousand years old, very young for a star, but this one, being on the edge, may have had a little more time to evolve. Now. In addition to pinpointing where the new fast radio burst was in the sky, scientists were also looking back through chime data to see whether any similar flares have occurred in the same region in the past. See since the first fast radio bursts were discovered back in two thousand and seven, must have been one off events, and that suggested a cataclysmic event such as the destruction of a star in a souper and ova. But a growing number of repeating fast radio bursts are now being detected, and that's pointing to a very different sort of origin. And there's another fraction of these repeating fast radio bursts that are flashing in a pattern sort of like a rhythmic heartbeat, before eventually finally flaring out. So for now, at least, the mystery surrounding fast radio bursts is whether repeaters and non repeaters are coming from different origins. This is space time still to come. The New Horizon spacecraft begins a record setting hibernation period in the Kuiper Belt, and scientists fired a new simpler way to produce oxygen in space. All that and more still to come on spacetime. NASA's New Horizon spacecraft has commenced a record setting hibernation period as it continues its journey through the vast darkness of the Kuiper Belt. Mission managers at the Johns Hopkins Applied Physics Laboratory have confirmed that the probe has now safely entered hibernation mode at a distance of more than nine point two billion killimurders from Earth. The confirmation signal required some eight hours and thirty one light minutes to reach NASA's Goldstone Deep Space communications station in California. It marks the start of the longest hibernation period in the spacecraft's history. It'll lasts until late June twenty twenty six, surpassing the previous record of two hundred and seventy three days, which were set between June twenty twenty two and March twenty twenty three. The Kiper built is a ring of comets, icee worlds, and frozen debris circling the Sun beyond the orbit of Neptune. New Horizons Principal investigator Alan Stern from the Southwest Research Institute in Boulder, Colorado, says New Horizons will continue to collect science data during its hibernation period, using three instruments to monitor charge particles in the outer heliosphere and dust in the Kuiper built itself. He says that data will be stored on board and sent back to Earth once the spacecraft reactivates. Going into hibernation reduces operating costs. While in this mode, the Horizon spins in a stable configuration with most instrument systems powered down. Its onboard computer overseas health checks and transmits a weekly beacon turn through the Deep Space Network to confirm operational status. Since it's launched back in two thousand and six, the spacecraft has entered hibernation mode twenty three times ranging from a few days to many months. In twenty fifteen, New Horizons became the first spacecraft to visit the dwarf planet Pluto and its binary partner Sharon, as well as their moons sticks Nix, Kerbos and Hydra. Then in twenty nineteen and encounter the distant Kaper built object Arakoff, originally named Ultimothul, and mission managers are now looking for another potential target in the dark outer reaches of the Solar System. New Horizons is now some nine point two seven billion kilometers from the Sun, and it's expected to finally exit the Kuiper Belt in either twenty twenty eight or twenty twenty nine. This space time still to come. A new way to generate oxygen in space, and the September Equinox, as well as a tour of the constellations Capricorn, Pegasus, and Signas are among the many harlots of the September night skies on SkyWatch. A new study has shown that off the shelf of theodinium magnets could help boost the production of oxygen in space help support human space operations are reporting the general nature chemistry claim. Scientists have used the magnets to help detach oxygen bubbles from electrodes. In water, electrolysis the process of splitting water into oxygen and hydrogen. Now, this process generates separate oxygen hydrogen bubbles on the electrodes. On Earth, these bubbles would simply float up in a way, but in the microgravity conditions of space, there's no buoyancy to lift the bubbles, so instead they simply cling to the electrodes. Because of that, special pumps are used to deliver the bubbles to a centrifuge, which can then separate the two gases from the liquid water. It's a complicated, energy intensive system, and its unreliability requires astronauts to keep spare components on hand. The new research simply uses magnet to manipulate the electro chemistry process. Now you don't notice it here on Earth, but actually water has a slight tendency to be very weakly repelled by opponent magnet. But in space, this tiny repulsion force becomes dominant, so the water moving away from the magnet displaces the gases which are less susceptible to magnetism. Now there's also an interaction between the external magnets field and those are the ions moving under the electrical field. Now, as these charges move in the liquid, the magnetic field induces an effect called Lorentz force, which steers the water's flow, causing it to swirl and move the bubbles to where they can be extracted. So this new technique could eventually replace both the pump and the centrifuge. This is space time and time out. It turn O wise to the skies and check out the night skies for September on SkyWatch. September was the seventh month of the year in the old Roman calendar, which had just ten months. That's before the edition of January and February. That ten month year is still reflected today in the name September or Septem, being Latin for seven October Octo meaning eight, November and November nine, and December of Deci meaning ten. It really wasn't until the Gregorian calendar that January the first marked the start of the new year. But in the beginning it was mostly only Catholic countries that adopted it. Protestant nations only gradually moved across, with the British, for example, not adopting the reform calendar until seventeen fifty two. Prior to that date, the British Empire and its American colonies still celebrated the new year on March the twenty fifth, marking the feast of the Annunciation in Easter. The earliest record of a new year celebration are believed to have taken place in Mesopotamia around two thousand BCE, around the time of the Northern Hemisphere vernal equinox in mid March. A variety of other dates tied to the seasons are also used by various ancient cultures. The Egyptians, Phoenicians, and Persians began their year off with the fall equinox, and the Greeks celebrated it on the winter solstice well. The Jewish New Year or Russia Shanna, the Festival of Trumpets, occurs in September, where it marks the beginning of the Northern Hemisphere cycle of sewing, growth and harvest, and apparently the creation of Adam and Eve. According to the Jewish Bible the Old Testament, the September Equinox will take place at four nineteen in the morning of Tuesday September the twenty third Australian Eastern Standard time. That's two nineteen in the afternoon of Monday, the twenty second of September US Eastern daylight time, and six nineteen in the evening Greenwich meantime. The day marks the point in earth orbit around the Sun when the planet's were rotational axial tilt means the Sun will appearize exactly due east to someone standing on the equator. It means almost equal hours of darkness and light. In fact, the word equinox is derived from the Latin meaning aquiness or equal and knox meaning night. It all comes about because Earth's rotational axis is tilted at an angle of around twenty three point four degrees in relation to the ecliptic, the plane created by Earth's orbit around the Sun, and Earth's axial tilt is pointed to the same direction in the sky, regardless of Earth's orbital position around the Sun, so on other days of the year, either the northern or southern hemisphere are tilted more towards the Sun, But on the two equinoxes around March the twenty first and September twenty third, the tilt of Earth's axis is directly perpendicular to the Sun's rays. For those in the northern hemisphere it means the start of fall or autumn, while those of the south of the equator moving into spring. It's also worth noting that the solstice season equinoxes change and they're impacted by what's known its procession. That causes Earth's spin axis to wobble ever so slightly, sort of like the axle of a spinning top. Now, the rate of procession is only very slight, just half a degree per century, so you don't notice it on normal human timescales. But because the direction of Earth's axis of rotation determines at which point in Earth's orbit around the Sun the seasons occur, precession will cause a particular season, for example, the Southern Hemisphere summer to occur at a slightly different place on the calendar from year to year over a twenty six thousand year cycle relative to the planet's orbital position. At the same time, obliquity causes the angle of the axial tilt to change with respect to the ecliptic, that is Earth's orbital plane around the Sun. It's obliquity, that is the tilt of the axis. It's currently twenty three and a half degrees, and it's what's actually responsible for the seasons, and that varies over a cycle of roughly forty one thousand years between approximately twenty two point one and twenty four point five degrees. This axial tilt or obliquity changes due to the gravitational pull of the Sun, the Moon, and other planets. A higher obliquity leads to more extreme seasons, while a lower tilt results in milder seasons and can contribute to glacial periods. Then there's eccentricity. This involves changes in the actual shape of Earth's orbit around the Sun, sometimes making it more circular and other times more elliptical. This gradually shifts the point of perihelion, which is Ear's closest orbital position to the Sun. Now, these three effects procession, obliquity, and eccentricity are collectively known as Melakovich cycles, and they affect the amount of solar energy reaching the planet and have a major influence on climatic patterns. Okay, let's start out to the September night skies by looking towards the east and the constellation of Capricornus. The The name comes from the ancient Greek tale about the demon Typhon emerging from a fissure in the earth and attacking Zeus, the King of Gods, during a banquet. The sudden appearance of Typhon scared Pan, the flute playing goat boy, who tried to escape by turning to a fish and swimming away. However, he realized his cowardice before completing the transformation, and so distracted the demon by playing his flut instead, and this gave Zeus enough time to use a thunderbolt from the heavens to frighten Typhon away. Because of his actions both cowardly and brave, Zeus placed Pan in the sky forevermore, still in his half goat, half fish guys. The brightest starr in Capricornis is Delta Capricorni, also known as Dennibal Jetty or the tail of the Goat. It's an eighbor located just thirty nine light years away. A light year is about ten trall in kilometers, the distance of photo can travel in a year at the speed of light, which is about three hundred thousand kilometers per second in a vacuum, and the ultimate speed limit across the universe. Then, a bell jetty is a spectral type a white beta lyrap variable eclipsing binary. It's comprised of two stars closely orbiting each other. Now, astronomers describe stars in terms of spectral types, a classification system based on temperature and characteristics. The hottest, most massive, and most luminous stars are known as spectral type O blue stars. They're followed by specual type B blue white stars, then specual type A white stars, specual type F whitish yellow stars, specual type G yellow stars. That's where our Sun fits in. Then there's spectual type K orange stars, and the coolest and least massive stars are known as specual type M red dwarf stars. Each specual classification can also be subdivided using an eumeric digit to represent temperature, with zero being the hottest and name the coolest, and a Roman nuneral to represent luminosity. Now put all that together, and our Sun is officially classified as a speciotype G two v G two five yellow dwarf star. Also included in the stellar classification system are specialtypes LT and Y, which are assigned to feled stars known as brown dwarves, some of which were born as spectrotype M red dwarf stars but became brown dwarves after losing some of their mass. Brown dwarves fit into a category between the largest planets, which are about thirteen times the mass of Jupiter, and the smallest spectrotype m red dwarf stars, which are usually about seventy five to eighty times the mass of Jupiter or about zero point zero eight solar masses. As we mentioned earlier, Dinner Bell Jetty is a beat a Lyra variable eclipsing binary system. It's made up of two stars closely orbiting each other. The total brightness of the system changes because the two component stars periodically pass in front of each other as seen from Earth, thereby blocking out the light from the other star in the system. The two component stars of Beta Lyra are massive giants or even supergiants, so close to each other that their shapes are heavily distorted by their mutual gravitational forces. This gives each of the stars in the system an ellipsoidal shape with extensive mass flows from one component to the other. Just below Capricornus on the eastern horizon, you see the constellation Aquarius, the water carrier to the gods. Greek mythology describes Aquarius as the most beautiful looking boy that ever lived, and so was carried from Earth up to Mount Olympus by Zeus in the guise of a quill of the Eagle to become the water carrier. The two brighter stars in Aquarius are Alprom Beta Aquary, a pair of luminous yellow supergiants that were once Speciotype B blue white stars. The pair are moving through space perpendicular to the plane of the Milky Way galaxy. Beta Acquery, the brightest of the pair, is also known as Sadhal Sud. It's a multiple star system located about five hundred and forty light years away. The primary star is about six times the mass of the Sun, but emits roughly two three hundred times the Sun's luminosity, implying al Radio is at least fifty times that of our sun. Beta Aquery a piece to have at least two faint companion stars, but you'll need a decent sized telescope to see them. The second brightest star in Aquarius is Alpha Aquery, also known as Saddal Mellik. It's about five hundred and twenty light years away, around six and a half times as massive as the Sun and some three thousand times as luminous. Next we moved to the southern constellation of Parsis Astray, and it's the Southern Fish. The brightest star in the constellation is Formal Halt, the mouth of the Southern Fish, and the eighteenth brightest star in the night sky. Interestingly, thousands of years ago it was as used to mark the position of the winter solstice, the Sun's most southerly positioned the scene from the northern hemisphere, but the procession of the equinoxes, which we talked about earlier, has now moved the northern winter solstice to its new position in December. Located only twenty five light years away, Formal Hart is a spectral type, a white yellow star about twice the mass of the Sun and around sixteen times as luminous. It's also a really young star, only about four hundred million years old. By comparison, our own star of the Sun is some four point six billion years of age. Former Haut exhibits an excess of infrared radiation, indicating that it's surrounded by a circumstellar disc. It's also part of a triple star system, together with a speciotype K orange dwarf star tw Pissus astrny and a spectuotype m red dwarf star LP eight seventy six minus ten. Turning to the north, now they all see the constellation Pegasus, the winged horse of Greek mythology. Pegasus is the one who delivered Medusa's head to Polydectes, after which he traveled to Mount Olympus in order to become the bearer of thunder and lightning bolts for Zeus. The brightest star in Pegasus is the orange supergiant Epsilon Pegassey, which marks the horse's muzzle. Almost twelve times the mass of the Sun. It's blurted out to a spectrotype K supergiant nearing the end of its life. Astronomers are still debating as to whether it will end its days as a core collapse supernova or a rare neon oxygen white dwarf. Also in the north is the constellation Signus, the Swan, which lies on the plate of the Milky Way galaxy. Signus contains the star Deneb, one of the brightest stars in the night sky and one of the corners of the Summer Triangle. It's also home to the giant Signus OB two stellar association which includes one of the largest known stars in the universe, Mnel Signy, a red hypergiant about one one hundred and eighty three times the radius and fifty times the mass of our Sun. In fact, were it placed at the center of our solar system, where the Sun is, its surface would extend out beyond the orbit of Jupiter. It's so big. It contains a volume approximately one point six billion times that of the Sun. Animel Signy is located about five three hundred light years away now. Signas is also home to Signus x one, a powerful glactic X ray source, which became the first widely accepted black hole. It was discovered back in nineteen sixty four, and even today it remains one of the most studied astronomical objects in the sky. The black hole is estimated to have about fourteen point eight times the mass of our Sun, all crammed into an event horizon with a radius of just forty four kilometers. Little wonder black holes are the densest objects in the universe. Look it, just above the northern horizon this time of the year is the star Vega. It's the brightest star in the constellation Lyra and the fifth brightest star in the night sky. Vega has about twice the mass of our Sun, and it's a relatively young star, less than five hundred million years old, and it's also fairly close, just twenty five light years away now once again due to the procession of Earth's rotational axis, Vega used to be the northern pole star around fourteen thousand years ago, and it will do so again in another twelve thousand years time. Just above Vega is Alpha Aquilli or All Tear, the brightest star the constellation Aquilla. It's a special type, a white yellow star with about twice the mass of our sun. All Terr is located really nearby, just sixteen point seven light years away, and it rotates very rapidly, with an equatorial velocity of about two hundred and eighty six kilomets per second. And that's a significant fraction of the star's estimated breakup speed of around four hundred kilomets per second. Now, this high rotation rate means All Tear isn't verhicle, but highly flattened at the poles. All terrries the eye of the eagle that carried a Queries up to Mount Olympus to become the water bearer for the gods. Looking to the southeast now and you'll see the bright star Achina. It's the brightest star of the constellation Eridanus. The river located around one hundred and forty nine years away. Akina has seven times the mass and three thousand times the luminosity of our Sun. The star rotates so rapidly it's elliptical in shape, with its equatorial diameter being about fifty six percent wider than its polar diameter. September also sees the bulk of the Origid's meteor shower, which is produced as the Earth passes through the debris trail left by the comet k SC nineteen eleven in one ks is a long period comet, only reaching the inner Solar System every eighteen hundred to two thousand years. Its meteor shower runs between August the twenty eighth and September the fifth. The Origins provide up to five swift and bright meteors an hour will its peak just before dawn on September first. It's best viewed from the northern hemisphere as it's radiant. That is the direction the meteors the p to be coming from lies in the northern sky constellation of Central nor Regia. A second meteor shower in the month of September is the Epsilon Perseods, which run from September fifth to the twenty first. Although they're called the Epsilon Perseids, the radiot actually lies closer to the star Beta Perseus or Alcohol. Now the Epsilon Perseid should be confused with last month's Perseed's meteor shower. That's because well both the peter have their radio the constellation Perseus. They're caused by debris trails from two very different comets. And now with more of our tour of the September night skies, I'm joined by Senior science writer Jonathan Nally. That's senior science writer Jonathan Llyday. Stuart Year September evening skies. While they begin with the Milky Way which courses Alham Galaxy scene for the inside, and it's stretching all the way across the sky from the north east to the southwest. As you know night falls during September for those are little mid latitudes in the southern hemisphere. Like I do, we've got the center of our galaxy more or less directly overhead. As soon as the sun goes down, which is fantastic because this part of the Milky Way includes the starfields of Scorpius and Sagittarius, those three constellations, which is an amazing region of the sky field explore. Even if you've just got a pair of an oculus, I mean, if you've got dark skies, and unfortunately most people in the can cities don't have dark skys. But if you can give yourself to a dark spot and even just using your own eyes, you know, you can just wonder at this amazing galaxy there above our heads. But if you can get a pair of innoculars onto it, then you can see it a lot more so. Scorpius, for instance, is the constellation of the scorpion. It's one of many a few constellations that actually looks like what it's meant to look like, like a scorpion. Once you learn to trace how its stars, you'll see that they really do for in the shape of a scorpion. Now there are other constellations like Triangular, which is a triangle, that sort of thing which it is not hard to make joining the dots of stuff. The Thorpious really does look like a scorpion. It's quite incredible. It's brightest star. By the way, Antari's is quite bright and quite red, so it's really easy to spot. And to the naked eye, it looks very similar to Mars. If you've ever seen the planet Mars and the night sky, and in fact, that's where Antaris gets its name from. It means the rival of Mars, and sometimes they're not too far from each other in the night sky, and then you can compare the two and they really do look quite nice together, and then you can see that how it would get its name, the rival of Mars. There are some other bright stars around on early September evening. Looking at it from a southern hemistry of perspective, which is what I have to do, we have Vega far in the north. We've got Altair in the northeast. We've got ark tourists in the northwest. Way down in the south we've got a star called Akrona, and also way down in the south we've also got the famous two Pointers stars. So Vega is the brightest star in the constellation of Lyra, which is named after the stringed musical instrument called the lyre. It's quite close to star. It's only about twenty five light years away, and it's the fifth brightest star in the whole night sky. The other one tourists, which is so Vegas up in the north and Dark Tourists in the Northwest. At the moment, so Ar Tourists is the brightest star in a constellation probably haven't heard of. It's called Boetes. That means the plowman or the herdsman, and it's the fourth brightest star in the sky. And again it's quite close. It's only thirty seven light years away, which is sort of nothing in space terms. Altair is even closer. It's only seventeen light years from us. And it's the brightest star in the constellation of a Quilla the Eagle, and it's the twelfth brightest star overall. The one I mentioned down in the deep South Akrona. Yes, that's the sky's ninth brightest star, and it's the brightest star of the constellation of erdenis another one you probably haven't heard of. Erdanus is the constellation of the River, which is a very long, thin, winding constellation. Stars is a celestial equator and goes down to oh about minus free fifty five degrees two thirds of the way down towards the south celestial pole, and right at the end of it is this star Akina. Now the other ones I mentioned. The two Pointers are named as such because if you draw a line between these two stars and then just keep going for a little while, you end up very close to the Southern Cross, so they point towards across the two Pointers, or the Pointers they're sometimes called. Now. Each of these is a triple star system Beta Centauri. It's three hundred and sixty light years from Earth, which is reasonably distant. But the other one, the Alpha Centauri system, is famous for being the closest star system to us, and one of its three stars is called Proxima Centauri, and it is other than the soun of course, it is the closest star to the year seventy four and a quarter light years away. And as I mentioned, the Southern Cross is not too far from the two Pointers, and at this time of the year it's lying on its right hand side. When you go out in the early part of the evening, it's sort of probably about twenty thirty degrees up from the horizon, about thirty degrees off from the horizon and lying on its side looks like a little kite. You know, if you have really dark spies. I was saying before, if you can get yourself to some a dark location, you've got some dark sky, and you let your eyes adapt to the dark. So no looking at the mobile phone, and you just get rid of all sources of light in a way, from the street lights and everything, but your eyes adapt to the dark. See if you can spot right next to the Southern Cross a big dark patch in the milky way. Just right next to it, this is a huge cloud of dust and gas floating out there in space, called the coal sack, which is a good name for it, of course, the coal sack. And originally long time ago people thought, wow, what's this big, seemingly empty area in all these regular stars. Is it a big hole that we're looking through to the other side. But no, it's not just a huge cloud of gas and dust that's blocking all the stars behind it, and there are a few stars in front of it. So you know, if you get a telescope in there, you can have a look around, and you do see that there are stars in the foreground. But to the naked eye, it looks like a darkish patch in the Milky Way. Now, let's stand on the planet as evening falls. The only one who's got visible at the moment is Mars, which can be seen in the west about a quarter of the way up to the horizon. It will remain pretty much in that same spot all months long, and for all but the most diligent amateur astronomers, as I would call them, there's really not much point in trying to look at Mars through a telescope. At the moment, it's a long way from Earth and it appears really, really tiny. That's the problem with Mars. That is a small planet, much smaller than the Earth, and it's a long way away, and sometimes it's near and sometimes it's further. At the moment, it's quite a fair distance away, and so it just looks really tiny. You can't see any details on it when you look through a telescope. That's why astronomers wait for every twenty six months when we get to a point what's called opposition, where Mars is at its closest approach when Mars that have started to project takes about it twenty six months to come around every time, and at the moment we're not anywhere near that so Mars is a long way away looks tiny. On the other hand, a couple of hours after sunset, we've got Saturn, which will be rising up over the eastern horizon and a little bit of main target this month's planetry and says yes, at least for those up looking around in the evening hours. Saturn is much larger than Mars, so even though it is currently about four times further away than the red planet through a telescope, it still appears to be about eleven times bigger. So it's four times further away, but it still appears to be eleven times bigger because it's just a huge gas giant planet. And if you do have the opportunity to take a look at it through a telescope, please give it a try, because it looks really quite speacky. Everyone loves Saturn through a telescope. Now for the night shift workers, insomniacs and very early rises, Jupiter is the next one that will be seen climbing up over the northeastern horizon at around about three thirty AM or southeastern horizons from the northern hemisphere. Give it a few hours to rise and get higher, so it's a marvel. The haze and muck on the horizon, and then if you do have the chance to take a look at the small telescope, so you think can make out any of its at the strict bands and zones on Earth we have we we sort of do have atmospheric zones on the Earth, but generally just look at a satellite picture it seems to be a jumble of clouds and things. But on Jupiter it's really The planet is divided up into sort of horizontal bands, and you can see them through a telescope quite often. You should also be able to see up to four of its largest moons if they should be visible. These just look like tiny pin pricked stars strung out in a line on one or both sides of the planet. They go around Jupiter. They orbit around Jupiter fairly quickly, so sometimes you might see three on one side and one on the other, or two on one side and two on the other, sometimes four on one side. Sometimes you might look and you might only see one or two or three, and the fourth or the third or second one are missing. That's because they're around the other side of Jupiter and they're blocked from view, or they've gone into the shadow of Jupiter, and so there's no side light falling on them. So even though they might technically technically they be indirect light of sight and not behind Jupiter, they might be in its shadow, so you can't see them. Another morning stargazing target the September is Venus, which rises above the eastern horizon about an now and a half before sunrise. Now, it's big and bright, and you simply can't mistake Venus for anything else. The only other thing is bigger and brighter in the night sky or the daytime sky for that matter, are the Sun and the Moon, so you just can't mistake Venus. Mercury will be there too below Venus, so closer down towards the Sun, but it's smaller and not quite as bright, and it'll be a bit harder to see. And that's good. Is the ninth five of September, and this. Is space Time, and that's the show for now. Space Time is available every Monday, Wednesday and Friday through Apple Podcasts, iTunes, Stitcher, Google podcast pocker Casts, Spotify, Acast, Amazon Music Bytes, dot Com, SoundCloud, YouTube, your favorite podcast download provider, and from space Time with Stuart Gary dot com. Space Time's also broadcast through the National Science Foundation, on Science Own Radio and on both iHeartRadio and tune in Radio. And you can help to support our show by visiting the Spacetime Store for a range of promotional merchandising goodies, or by becoming a Spacetime Patron, which gives you access to triple episode commercial free versions of the show, as well as lots of burness audio content which doesn't go to weir, access to our exclusive Facebook group, and other rewards. Just go to space Time with Stuart Gary dot com for full details. You've been listening to Spacetime with Stuart Gary. This has been another quality podcast production from bytes dot com. M