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00:00:00 --> 00:00:02 Stuart Gary: This is space time series 29 episode
00:00:02 --> 00:00:05 120 full broadcast on 7
00:00:05 --> 00:00:08 October 2026 coming up on
00:00:08 --> 00:00:10 Space Time, NASA adds new science
00:00:10 --> 00:00:13 investigations for its moon base. New
00:00:13 --> 00:00:15 secrets revealed about the Martian north
00:00:15 --> 00:00:18 pole. And NASA and Boeing provide
00:00:18 --> 00:00:21 an update on um, their troubled starliner
00:00:21 --> 00:00:24 spacecraft. All that and more coming up
00:00:24 --> 00:00:25 on uh, Space Time.
00:00:26 --> 00:00:29 Welcome to Space Time with Stuart
00:00:29 --> 00:00:29 G.
00:00:45 --> 00:00:48 NASA's added payload suites for three new
00:00:48 --> 00:00:51 lunar scientific investigations as part of
00:00:51 --> 00:00:53 efforts paving the way for humanity's first
00:00:53 --> 00:00:56 moon base. NASA and allied space
00:00:56 --> 00:00:58 agencies are developing plans to return
00:00:58 --> 00:01:01 humans to the lunar surface and establish a
00:01:01 --> 00:01:03 permanent base on the Moon's south pole under
00:01:03 --> 00:01:05 the Artemis Artemis programme as part of
00:01:05 --> 00:01:08 efforts to eventually land humans on Mars.
00:01:08 --> 00:01:10 The new payloads will help researchers
00:01:10 --> 00:01:13 understand lunar resources, better map
00:01:13 --> 00:01:15 natural shelters on the moon and assess
00:01:15 --> 00:01:18 environmental hazards there. The three
00:01:18 --> 00:01:21 payload suites include a lunar South Pole
00:01:21 --> 00:01:23 Environment Monitoring Station. It will
00:01:23 --> 00:01:25 provide long term environmental and hazard
00:01:25 --> 00:01:28 monitoring, recording micrometeoroid impacts
00:01:28 --> 00:01:30 and tracking the abundance of volatiles,
00:01:30 --> 00:01:32 materials that can easily shift into gas
00:01:33 --> 00:01:35 which drift into the Moon's thin atmospheric
00:01:35 --> 00:01:38 layer called an exosphere. The technology
00:01:38 --> 00:01:41 includes a short period seismometer to detect
00:01:41 --> 00:01:43 seismic events, providing crucial hazard
00:01:43 --> 00:01:45 assessment in order to ensure the safety of
00:01:45 --> 00:01:48 moon based hardware. Then there's a
00:01:48 --> 00:01:50 geophysical investigation mapping the lunar
00:01:50 --> 00:01:52 interior which will deploy a payload of the
00:01:52 --> 00:01:55 Marius Hill pit on the lunar surface to hunt
00:01:55 --> 00:01:58 for subterranean lava tubes, aiding in
00:01:58 --> 00:02:00 understanding a fundamental lunar volcanic
00:02:00 --> 00:02:03 process. This will scan beneath the
00:02:03 --> 00:02:05 Moon's surface to see whether the Mareus
00:02:05 --> 00:02:08 Hills pit leads to a large underground lava
00:02:08 --> 00:02:10 chamber. If it does, these natural
00:02:10 --> 00:02:12 underground spaces could offer future
00:02:12 --> 00:02:15 astronauts ready made protection from extreme
00:02:15 --> 00:02:17 temperatures and harmful radiation. Important
00:02:17 --> 00:02:20 groundwork for safe long term living on the
00:02:20 --> 00:02:23 moon. Confirming these void spaces now
00:02:23 --> 00:02:26 could shift future habitat planning, offering
00:02:26 --> 00:02:28 natural ready made shelters that provide
00:02:28 --> 00:02:30 crucial thermal stability and shielding from
00:02:30 --> 00:02:33 deadly ionising radiation and the threat of
00:02:33 --> 00:02:36 a meteoroid bombardment. Finally,
00:02:36 --> 00:02:38 there's a spectral depth imager uh, which
00:02:38 --> 00:02:40 will provide the first direct on ground
00:02:40 --> 00:02:42 measurements of ice hidden in lunar cold
00:02:42 --> 00:02:44 traps, laying the groundwork for lunar
00:02:44 --> 00:02:47 resource utilisation and surface operations.
00:02:48 --> 00:02:50 See, water ice could be converted into
00:02:50 --> 00:02:51 drinking water. It could be split into
00:02:51 --> 00:02:54 separate hydrogen and oxygen for rocket fuel.
00:02:54 --> 00:02:56 Or the oxygen could simply be used for
00:02:56 --> 00:02:59 breathing as well as pinpointing where ice
00:02:59 --> 00:03:01 exists and how much of it is there. This
00:03:01 --> 00:03:03 payload will also study how the lunar surface
00:03:03 --> 00:03:06 behaves, how rocket exhausts disturbed the
00:03:06 --> 00:03:08 ground and how stable it is for mobility.
00:03:09 --> 00:03:12 It's all part of NASA's Artemis programme to
00:03:12 --> 00:03:14 return humans to the moon this time to stay.
00:03:15 --> 00:03:17 This report From NASA tv.
00:03:18 --> 00:03:20 This is drawing on the playbook of success
00:03:20 --> 00:03:21 from the 1960s.
00:03:21 --> 00:03:22 NASA TV: We're bringing it back.
00:03:22 --> 00:03:24 Stuart Gary: This is how you do the near impossible. We're
00:03:24 --> 00:03:26 learning and building up to doing something
00:03:26 --> 00:03:27 extremely hard.
00:03:28 --> 00:03:31 Speaker C: A permanent human presence on the moon may
00:03:31 --> 00:03:33 sound like science fiction, but, but it's
00:03:33 --> 00:03:36 already taking shape. The ideas are
00:03:36 --> 00:03:39 becoming hardware, the plans are becoming
00:03:39 --> 00:03:41 missions. The future is happening now.
00:03:42 --> 00:03:44 Stuart Gary: Being able to see moon base elements,
00:03:44 --> 00:03:47 getting to the finish line is just awesome.
00:03:47 --> 00:03:49 Speaker C: We're taking you behind the scenes to show
00:03:49 --> 00:03:50 you how
00:03:52 --> 00:03:55 NASA TV: people are looking up again, believing in big
00:03:55 --> 00:03:58 things again. America is returning
00:03:58 --> 00:03:58 to the moon.
00:03:58 --> 00:04:01 Stuart Gary: To build a moon base, we're going to need to
00:04:01 --> 00:04:03 achieve the near impossible.
00:04:10 --> 00:04:13 Speaker C: NASA is building a moon base, a place where
00:04:13 --> 00:04:15 astronauts will live, work and conduct
00:04:15 --> 00:04:18 science on and around the moon. Now, building
00:04:18 --> 00:04:21 a moon base won't happen all at once. It will
00:04:21 --> 00:04:23 take more than 20 lunar landings during the
00:04:23 --> 00:04:26 first phase, with each mission delivering the
00:04:26 --> 00:04:29 equipment, technology and science needed
00:04:29 --> 00:04:32 to build, learn and improve. We're
00:04:32 --> 00:04:34 travelling across the country to meet the
00:04:34 --> 00:04:37 companies building lunar landers for upcoming
00:04:37 --> 00:04:39 flights and see how they're preparing for
00:04:39 --> 00:04:41 their next missions to the moon.
00:04:43 --> 00:04:46 Just north of Austin, Texas, Firefly
00:04:46 --> 00:04:49 Aerospace is preparing for its second mission
00:04:49 --> 00:04:52 to the moon. NASA's Carlos Garcia Galan is
00:04:52 --> 00:04:54 taking us, uh, inside its headquarters where
00:04:54 --> 00:04:56 engineers are preparing the lunar lander for
00:04:56 --> 00:04:57 its upcoming mission.
00:04:58 --> 00:05:00 Stuart Gary: Love to see the hardware ready for moon base
00:05:00 --> 00:05:02 mission Blue Ghost 2. So tell us a little bit
00:05:02 --> 00:05:03 about
00:05:03 --> 00:05:03 Jonathan Nally: what we're looking at.
00:05:04 --> 00:05:06 Jonathan Nally: Yeah, so what we're looking at right here is,
00:05:06 --> 00:05:07 uh, like you mentioned, our Blue Ghost
00:05:07 --> 00:05:10 Mission two lunar lander. The lander is now
00:05:10 --> 00:05:11 stacked. It's starting to really look like a
00:05:11 --> 00:05:13 lander. And we're getting ready to install
00:05:13 --> 00:05:15 our electronics and all our payloads. Blue
00:05:15 --> 00:05:17 Ghost Mission 2, the lander is going to the
00:05:17 --> 00:05:18 far side of the moon. And that is really
00:05:18 --> 00:05:20 driven by one of the payloads that will sit
00:05:20 --> 00:05:22 on the top deck of the lander. It's called
00:05:22 --> 00:05:24 Lucy Night. So that's a radio astronomy
00:05:24 --> 00:05:25 telescope. So they want to sit on the far
00:05:25 --> 00:05:28 side of the moon, away from all the noise
00:05:28 --> 00:05:29 from Earth. So the moon's kind of blocking
00:05:29 --> 00:05:31 all of that. And they're looking back at the
00:05:31 --> 00:05:34 cosmic dark ages. So that's a very
00:05:34 --> 00:05:37 amazing payload. Yeah. Um, we will also have
00:05:37 --> 00:05:39 another payload that we will have put into
00:05:39 --> 00:05:41 orbit. So it'll be in an orbit around the
00:05:41 --> 00:05:44 moon. So that's Lunar Pathfinder. We have a
00:05:44 --> 00:05:45 rover on board.
00:05:45 --> 00:05:45 Stuart Gary: Super exciting.
00:05:45 --> 00:05:47 Jonathan Nally: Yeah. So that'll be our first mobility
00:05:47 --> 00:05:50 payload that we have. So, um, all of those
00:05:50 --> 00:05:52 are coming along with us. They're each going
00:05:52 --> 00:05:54 to gather science, technology, data and it
00:05:54 --> 00:05:56 can all be used on future missions. A lot of
00:05:56 --> 00:05:58 the people that worked on Mission one are
00:05:58 --> 00:06:00 still here working on Mission two. So we have
00:06:00 --> 00:06:02 all that knowledge still in house. And then
00:06:02 --> 00:06:03 you're implementing all the lessons learned
00:06:03 --> 00:06:05 because we have all that great data from Blue
00:06:05 --> 00:06:07 Ghost Mission one. Um, so it does feel
00:06:07 --> 00:06:08 easier. So it feels like the wheel is
00:06:08 --> 00:06:10 starting to really turn a lot faster. And
00:06:10 --> 00:06:12 then we've got these other moon based awards.
00:06:12 --> 00:06:13 So it's really about can you make it
00:06:13 --> 00:06:14 repeatable, can you produce it? Yeah.
00:06:14 --> 00:06:16 Stuart Gary: Uh, can you be successful several times? Is
00:06:16 --> 00:06:17 the excitement building up?
00:06:17 --> 00:06:18 Jonathan Nally: Oh, yeah.
00:06:18 --> 00:06:19 Stuart Gary: I mean, you're getting pretty close.
00:06:19 --> 00:06:20 Jonathan Nally: Yeah.
00:06:20 --> 00:06:22 I think, um, anytime that you have something
00:06:22 --> 00:06:23 in the clean room where it's like, you look
00:06:23 --> 00:06:25 at it and you know, like, that's my lander
00:06:25 --> 00:06:27 that's going to the moon, it's also humbling.
00:06:27 --> 00:06:28 It's like, hey, we did it one time, but now
00:06:28 --> 00:06:31 we need to do it 2, 3, 4. We need to keep
00:06:31 --> 00:06:33 doing it and keep upping the bar and getting
00:06:33 --> 00:06:33 better each time.
00:06:39 --> 00:06:41 Speaker C: Over on the West Coast, NASA's Ryan Stephan
00:06:41 --> 00:06:44 is at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory in
00:06:44 --> 00:06:47 California, where Voyager Lunar Systems
00:06:47 --> 00:06:49 Gryphon 1 Lander has arrived for
00:06:49 --> 00:06:50 environmental testing.
00:06:50 --> 00:06:53 Speaker F: This larger lander is an infrastructure class
00:06:53 --> 00:06:55 lander. It's not just meant for scientific
00:06:55 --> 00:06:58 payloads and instrumentation, but also
00:06:58 --> 00:07:01 it's made to basically take equipment
00:07:01 --> 00:07:04 and infrastructure level capability and
00:07:04 --> 00:07:06 deliver that to the lunar surface. It's also
00:07:06 --> 00:07:08 landing in the South Pole where the
00:07:08 --> 00:07:10 terrain is a little bit harsher, it's a
00:07:10 --> 00:07:12 little bit more dangerous to land. It
00:07:12 --> 00:07:15 requires precision navigation, guidance and
00:07:15 --> 00:07:17 control to land in safe locations.
00:07:17 --> 00:07:20 This lander will be taking a total of, uh, 10
00:07:20 --> 00:07:22 payloads, the largest of which, the uh,
00:07:22 --> 00:07:25 Astrolabe Flip rover is the largest
00:07:25 --> 00:07:27 commercial payload to ever be delivered to
00:07:27 --> 00:07:30 the lunar south pole. So we're thousands of
00:07:30 --> 00:07:31 miles away from where you guys assembled the
00:07:31 --> 00:07:34 spacecraft. Why did you decide to bring south
00:07:34 --> 00:07:35 to Southern California? Jet Propulsion
00:07:35 --> 00:07:38 Laboratory has some of the best, most capable
00:07:38 --> 00:07:40 environmental testing facilities in the
00:07:40 --> 00:07:42 world. And for a, uh, lunar lander this size,
00:07:43 --> 00:07:45 really what we want to do is test the
00:07:45 --> 00:07:48 spacecraft, put it through its paces. Right
00:07:48 --> 00:07:50 now, Gryphon is fixtured on top of the mass
00:07:50 --> 00:07:52 properties fixture, which is the black thing
00:07:52 --> 00:07:54 you see in front of it. Basically we are
00:07:54 --> 00:07:57 testing to measure the mass of the
00:07:57 --> 00:07:59 vehicle, the total mass, the centre of
00:07:59 --> 00:08:01 gravity, the moment of inertia, so that we
00:08:01 --> 00:08:04 know the exact configuration of the flight
00:08:04 --> 00:08:06 vehicle when we get back. We will finish
00:08:06 --> 00:08:08 reviewing a lot of the test data that we've
00:08:08 --> 00:08:10 done here, correlating to our models and our
00:08:10 --> 00:08:13 pre test predictions, modifying those based
00:08:13 --> 00:08:14 on the feedback that we've got during this
00:08:14 --> 00:08:17 testing and potentially addressing any
00:08:17 --> 00:08:19 findings on the ground here while we have the
00:08:19 --> 00:08:20 chance before we launch later this year.
00:08:20 --> 00:08:21 It'll be exciting.
00:08:24 --> 00:08:27 Speaker C: On the East Coast, NASA's Courtney Abeglin is
00:08:27 --> 00:08:29 at Blue Origin's testing facility in Cape
00:08:29 --> 00:08:32 Canaveral, Florida to see the latest on the
00:08:32 --> 00:08:34 Blue Moon Mark one lander.
00:08:34 --> 00:08:36 Speaker G: Mark one, serial number one is designed to
00:08:36 --> 00:08:39 prove out the core technologies for Blue
00:08:39 --> 00:08:41 Origin that we will eventually apply to the,
00:08:41 --> 00:08:44 the human landing missions of Artemis. So
00:08:44 --> 00:08:46 it's our liquid oxygen, liquid hydrogen
00:08:46 --> 00:08:47 systems, it's our precision landing
00:08:47 --> 00:08:50 capabilities, it's also our ability to
00:08:50 --> 00:08:51 offload large amounts of cargo.
00:08:52 --> 00:08:54 Speaker C: I see a lot of people working on this lander.
00:08:54 --> 00:08:56 Speaker G: Can you tell us what uh, is
00:08:56 --> 00:08:58 Speaker C: left for this lander in order to make it fly?
00:08:58 --> 00:09:00 Speaker G: We just completed our thermal vacuum testing
00:09:00 --> 00:09:03 at Johnson Space Centre in January and
00:09:03 --> 00:09:05 February of this year. We then brought the
00:09:05 --> 00:09:07 vehicle back. We did a number of tests. We
00:09:07 --> 00:09:10 first tested our RF compatibility within
00:09:10 --> 00:09:13 TDRS satellite system as well as a deep space
00:09:13 --> 00:09:15 network. We also have tested how
00:09:15 --> 00:09:18 our vehicle reacts during stage separation
00:09:18 --> 00:09:20 from the New Glenn vehicle. We've tested the
00:09:20 --> 00:09:23 acoustic environment and soon we'll be
00:09:23 --> 00:09:24 testing our cryogenic propellant system.
00:09:25 --> 00:09:27 We've just completed our fit checks of our
00:09:27 --> 00:09:30 BE7 main engine, the actual engine that will
00:09:30 --> 00:09:32 fly to the moon. That went perfectly. And so
00:09:32 --> 00:09:35 we're now closing up these tests and we'll be
00:09:35 --> 00:09:37 ready for New Glenn. As you know, we had the
00:09:37 --> 00:09:40 mishap uh, at the pad with uh, New Glenn. The
00:09:40 --> 00:09:42 team there is making phenomenal progress. We
00:09:42 --> 00:09:45 are working to have serial number one ready
00:09:45 --> 00:09:48 and stored in a quiescent state for when New
00:09:48 --> 00:09:50 Glenn is ready. We expect that launch to
00:09:50 --> 00:09:53 occur in Q1 of 2027. And once
00:09:53 --> 00:09:55 that's complete, we'll now continue on to
00:09:55 --> 00:09:57 serial numbers 2, 3 and 4. We're also
00:09:57 --> 00:09:59 carrying NASA payloads, the Scalps payload,
00:09:59 --> 00:10:02 which will allow us to visualise
00:10:02 --> 00:10:05 what the exhaust from our BE7 engine is doing
00:10:05 --> 00:10:08 to the surface of the moon. So that will feed
00:10:08 --> 00:10:10 forward to heavier landers in the future. We
00:10:10 --> 00:10:12 also carry a retroreflector from NASA on this
00:10:12 --> 00:10:14 mission. NASA's been a phenomenal partner to
00:10:14 --> 00:10:16 us. They've been working hand in hand with
00:10:16 --> 00:10:19 us. And uh, that's what's going to allow
00:10:19 --> 00:10:20 these four serial numbers to come off the
00:10:20 --> 00:10:22 assembly line as quickly as they are
00:10:25 --> 00:10:28 Speaker C: in Houston. NASA's Adam Schlesinger
00:10:28 --> 00:10:30 is at Intuitive Machines headquarters getting
00:10:30 --> 00:10:33 an up close look at how the Nova Sealander is
00:10:33 --> 00:10:35 being prepared for its third mission to the
00:10:35 --> 00:10:35 moon.
00:10:36 --> 00:10:38 NASA TV: So this spacecraft is our Nova C. This is our
00:10:38 --> 00:10:41 IM3 vehicle. As you can see up, um, on the
00:10:41 --> 00:10:44 top is the methane tank. The oxygen tank is
00:10:44 --> 00:10:46 below. The engine actually sits right here.
00:10:46 --> 00:10:48 Underneath this is the engine deck. You can
00:10:48 --> 00:10:50 see that we've just put the top deck onto
00:10:50 --> 00:10:52 this spacecraft. So we're excited. Within the
00:10:52 --> 00:10:53 next month we're going to be putting the
00:10:53 --> 00:10:55 engine in and we'll be taking it outside for
00:10:55 --> 00:10:57 a hot fire test to confirm that the engine is
00:10:57 --> 00:10:58 ready to go for launch.
00:10:59 --> 00:11:00 Speaker G: Great. And after that test, what's the path
00:11:01 --> 00:11:02 look like to get to launch?
00:11:02 --> 00:11:05 NASA TV: We bring it back inside here. The payloads
00:11:05 --> 00:11:07 sit on panels that go on the outside of this
00:11:07 --> 00:11:09 spacecraft. So we'll bring those panels in,
00:11:09 --> 00:11:12 we do integrated testing and then we do some
00:11:12 --> 00:11:14 vibration testing, we send it down to the
00:11:14 --> 00:11:17 cape and we uh, get ready for launch. This
00:11:17 --> 00:11:19 vehicle will have five NASA payloads looking
00:11:19 --> 00:11:21 at the magnetic anomaly that's at Reiner
00:11:21 --> 00:11:24 Gamma on the near side of the moon. So it's a
00:11:24 --> 00:11:26 super exciting science mission. We're also
00:11:26 --> 00:11:28 doing other science. So we have six,
00:11:29 --> 00:11:31 uh, commercial payloads, we have a payload
00:11:31 --> 00:11:34 from the Italian Space Agency, and we have
00:11:34 --> 00:11:36 the five NASA payloads doing lots of
00:11:36 --> 00:11:37 different types of science.
00:11:37 --> 00:11:40 Speaker G: And this is the third IM Eclipse delivery.
00:11:40 --> 00:11:41 Can you talk about, uh, some of the lessons
00:11:41 --> 00:11:43 learned from the previous two and how that's
00:11:43 --> 00:11:43 being applied to this one?
00:11:43 --> 00:11:46 NASA TV: Yeah, absolutely. So on IM1, which was in
00:11:46 --> 00:11:48 2024 and IM2, which was in 2025, we learned
00:11:48 --> 00:11:50 lessons. We learned things about this
00:11:50 --> 00:11:53 spacecraft. We learned how it landed and how
00:11:53 --> 00:11:54 we could make it better. And so we're
00:11:54 --> 00:11:56 integrating all of those lessons learned into
00:11:56 --> 00:11:59 this spacecraft and our future spacecraft IM
00:11:59 --> 00:12:02 3, 4, 5 and 6, uh, which are
00:12:02 --> 00:12:04 all on schedule to extend the Moon base
00:12:04 --> 00:12:05 capability.
00:12:09 --> 00:12:12 Speaker C: These lunar landers will soon deliver the
00:12:12 --> 00:12:13 science and technology that will turn the
00:12:13 --> 00:12:16 Moon base into a reality. But there's
00:12:16 --> 00:12:19 even more ahead. The lunar south
00:12:19 --> 00:12:22 pole is one of the harshest environments with
00:12:22 --> 00:12:23 extreme temperatures ranging from
00:12:23 --> 00:12:26 -334 degrees
00:12:26 --> 00:12:29 Fahrenheit to over 130
00:12:29 --> 00:12:32 degrees. This huge swing means the power,
00:12:32 --> 00:12:34 communications and landing systems we build
00:12:35 --> 00:12:38 must withstand both intense cold and
00:12:38 --> 00:12:40 strong heat. This is no small task. So
00:12:40 --> 00:12:43 NASA is teaming up with Northrop Grumman on
00:12:43 --> 00:12:46 three new technology demonstrations that will
00:12:46 --> 00:12:48 be delivered to the Lunar service. Beginning
00:12:48 --> 00:12:51 in phase one. The goal is to
00:12:51 --> 00:12:54 reuse key power, avionics and
00:12:54 --> 00:12:56 communication systems. Originally developed
00:12:56 --> 00:12:59 for the Gateway programme's Halo module,
00:12:59 --> 00:13:02 these test missions will give new purpose to
00:13:02 --> 00:13:04 existing hardware to help build the
00:13:04 --> 00:13:07 infrastructure that Artemis crews and robotic
00:13:07 --> 00:13:09 explorers will depend on. At the movie Moon
00:13:09 --> 00:13:11 Base and in
00:13:11 --> 00:13:13 Stuart Gary: that report from NASA tv, we heard from NASA
00:13:13 --> 00:13:16 Moonbase Project Manager Carlos Garcia
00:13:16 --> 00:13:18 Garlen, Ray Allensworth from Firefly
00:13:18 --> 00:13:21 Aerospace, Nick Newell from Voyager
00:13:21 --> 00:13:24 Lunar Systems, Ryan Stephen from NASA
00:13:24 --> 00:13:27 Moon Base, John Calouras from Blue Origin,
00:13:27 --> 00:13:29 Courtney Adaglin from NASA Moon Base, Trent
00:13:29 --> 00:13:32 Martin from Intuitive Machines, and Adam
00:13:32 --> 00:13:34 Schoessinger from NASA Moon Base.
00:13:35 --> 00:13:38 And this is space time still to
00:13:38 --> 00:13:41 come. New secrets revealed about the Martian
00:13:41 --> 00:13:43 North Pole. And NASA and Boeing provide an
00:13:43 --> 00:13:45 update on, um, their troubled Starliner
00:13:45 --> 00:13:48 spacecraft. All that and more still to come
00:13:48 --> 00:13:49 on, uh, space time.
00:13:58 --> 00:14:00 A new study is found at. The Martian North
00:14:00 --> 00:14:02 Carolina pole is far less dusty than
00:14:02 --> 00:14:05 previously thought. Although Mars may once
00:14:05 --> 00:14:07 have resembled our Earth, the rocky Red
00:14:07 --> 00:14:10 Planet now appears to be far from hospitable.
00:14:10 --> 00:14:13 Still, certain details, such as ice bound
00:14:13 --> 00:14:16 water pique scientists Curiosity. Just
00:14:16 --> 00:14:18 like on Earth, Martian ice contains a
00:14:18 --> 00:14:20 valuable record of past climate that could
00:14:20 --> 00:14:22 say whether the Red Planet hosts or ever has
00:14:22 --> 00:14:25 hosted life. Aside from the poles where the
00:14:25 --> 00:14:28 ice is exposed, most Martian ice is buried
00:14:28 --> 00:14:31 beneath a dusty surface layer. And
00:14:31 --> 00:14:34 dust impacts climate by darkening the ice,
00:14:34 --> 00:14:36 which changes how much sunlight is reflected
00:14:36 --> 00:14:39 back into space. One of the study's
00:14:39 --> 00:14:42 authors, Aditya Kula from the University of
00:14:42 --> 00:14:44 Washington, says astronomers know there's
00:14:44 --> 00:14:46 water ice in the area surrounding the Martian
00:14:46 --> 00:14:48 north pole, but there's been widespread
00:14:48 --> 00:14:51 disagreement on how dusty that ice is.
00:14:51 --> 00:14:54 If it's dustier, uh, the ice will be darker.
00:14:54 --> 00:14:56 And just like a dark T shirt in the sun makes
00:14:56 --> 00:14:59 you feel warmer. Dusty ice gets warmer and,
00:14:59 --> 00:15:01 and vaporises faster. On Mars,
00:15:02 --> 00:15:04 much of what scientists know about how
00:15:04 --> 00:15:06 Earth's climate has evolved through millennia
00:15:06 --> 00:15:09 comes from ice sampling. Scientists drill
00:15:09 --> 00:15:12 deep into the polar ice and draw out long ice
00:15:12 --> 00:15:14 core samples containing a record of the local
00:15:14 --> 00:15:17 atmosphere. Just like tree rings, these
00:15:17 --> 00:15:19 records can be dated to ancient periods of
00:15:19 --> 00:15:22 Earth's history. But this is no easy
00:15:22 --> 00:15:24 task here on Earth. And it's even more
00:15:24 --> 00:15:27 complicated on the red planet, Mars. Back
00:15:27 --> 00:15:29 in 2008, NASA's Mars Phoenix Lander
00:15:29 --> 00:15:32 successfully sampled ice near the Martian
00:15:32 --> 00:15:34 north pole, a major triumph after the
00:15:34 --> 00:15:36 previous Mars Polar Lander mission went
00:15:36 --> 00:15:39 missing near the south pole of Mars in 1999
00:15:39 --> 00:15:41 due to the simple failure of scientists and
00:15:41 --> 00:15:44 engineers to convert Imperial to metric
00:15:44 --> 00:15:46 measurements. In this new study, the authors
00:15:46 --> 00:15:49 used data from that Mars Phoenix Lander
00:15:49 --> 00:15:50 mission combined with observations from
00:15:50 --> 00:15:53 orbiting satellites Several years
00:15:53 --> 00:15:56 ago, Kuhler discovered a discrepancy in the
00:15:56 --> 00:15:58 way researchers were analysing the physical
00:15:58 --> 00:16:01 properties of ice on Mars. The approach
00:16:01 --> 00:16:03 was developed for studying regolith on the
00:16:03 --> 00:16:06 Moon, but when Kohler checked its accuracy on
00:16:06 --> 00:16:08 Earth, the results seemed off. In this
00:16:08 --> 00:16:10 study, the authors redid the calculations
00:16:10 --> 00:16:13 using a different method successfully used to
00:16:13 --> 00:16:16 study snow and ice on Earth. The new results,
00:16:16 --> 00:16:18 reported in the journal Space Exploration,
00:16:18 --> 00:16:20 suggest that the north Pole of Mars is
00:16:20 --> 00:16:23 stacked with layers of dustier ice. Between
00:16:23 --> 00:16:25 slabs of cleaner ice. A dusty
00:16:25 --> 00:16:28 layer of frost forms over the ice every
00:16:28 --> 00:16:31 winter, but then sublimates and disappears in
00:16:31 --> 00:16:33 summer, revealing older, cleaner ice.
00:16:34 --> 00:16:36 Previous estimates suggested that the top
00:16:36 --> 00:16:38 layer of polar ice contained as much as
00:16:38 --> 00:16:41 25% dust biomass, but this study
00:16:41 --> 00:16:43 suggests it's closer to just 3%.
00:16:44 --> 00:16:46 Kuhler says by looking at how brightness
00:16:46 --> 00:16:49 changes over time, the team figured out that
00:16:49 --> 00:16:51 there's got to be a frost which is forming in
00:16:51 --> 00:16:53 the winter and is therefore more dusty, and
00:16:53 --> 00:16:55 then in the Martian summer it goes away,
00:16:56 --> 00:16:58 exposing the cleaner, older ice beneath.
00:16:59 --> 00:17:01 These layers contain key details about the
00:17:01 --> 00:17:04 climate of Mars thousands of years ago, when
00:17:04 --> 00:17:05 the ice is thought to have formed from
00:17:05 --> 00:17:08 snowfall. See, Mars has
00:17:08 --> 00:17:10 experienced massive ice ages that have
00:17:10 --> 00:17:12 deposited shallow ice on roughly a third of
00:17:12 --> 00:17:15 the entire planet. Kuhler points out that our
00:17:15 --> 00:17:17 Earth is stabilised by the gravitational pull
00:17:17 --> 00:17:20 of its moon. On the other hand, Mars, having
00:17:20 --> 00:17:23 only two very small moons, Phobos and Deimos,
00:17:23 --> 00:17:25 oscillates wildly, causing dramatic ice
00:17:25 --> 00:17:28 ages. Kuhler and colleagues previously
00:17:28 --> 00:17:30 suggested that the layers of ice and dust
00:17:30 --> 00:17:33 could create conditions for life on Mars.
00:17:33 --> 00:17:35 You see, the dark layers could help trap
00:17:35 --> 00:17:38 sunlight and form pockets of meltwater within
00:17:38 --> 00:17:41 the ice. And these pockets, enriched with
00:17:41 --> 00:17:43 nutrients from the dust, could potentially
00:17:43 --> 00:17:45 host any bacteria and primitive life forms
00:17:45 --> 00:17:47 living on the Red Planet. You see, similar
00:17:47 --> 00:17:50 pockets of shallow, dusty meltwater found in
00:17:50 --> 00:17:53 ice on Earth are often teeming with life in
00:17:53 --> 00:17:55 the summer. Then in the winter, the liquid
00:17:55 --> 00:17:58 water freezes and the microbes become dormant
00:17:58 --> 00:18:00 until the next summer. The fact that
00:18:00 --> 00:18:03 Mars and Earth both have similar layers of
00:18:03 --> 00:18:05 water, ice and dust is interesting, which
00:18:05 --> 00:18:08 begs the question, why does one planet have
00:18:08 --> 00:18:09 life and the other doesn't?
00:18:11 --> 00:18:13 This is spacetime. Still to
00:18:13 --> 00:18:16 come. NASA and Boeing provide a new update on
00:18:16 --> 00:18:19 the troubled Starliner spacecraft. And later
00:18:19 --> 00:18:21 in the science report, new evidence suggests
00:18:21 --> 00:18:23 there are hidden chambers in the tomb of
00:18:23 --> 00:18:26 Tutankhamun in Egypt's Valley of the
00:18:26 --> 00:18:28 Kings. All that and more still to come
00:18:29 --> 00:18:30 on, um, space time.
00:18:46 --> 00:18:48 NASA has provided a new update on Boeing's
00:18:48 --> 00:18:51 trouble plagued Starliner CST100
00:18:51 --> 00:18:53 spacecraft. The agency supplied a new
00:18:53 --> 00:18:56 launch programme for the mission, including
00:18:56 --> 00:18:59 additional crew flights and certifying a new
00:18:59 --> 00:19:01 rocket for crew transportation to low Earth
00:19:01 --> 00:19:03 orbit. The crisis stricken
00:19:03 --> 00:19:06 Starliner vehicle was meant to complement
00:19:06 --> 00:19:08 SpaceX's Dragon capsules regularly
00:19:08 --> 00:19:10 transporting crew to from the International
00:19:11 --> 00:19:13 Space Station. But unlike Dragon's
00:19:13 --> 00:19:15 smooth entry into the commercial crew
00:19:15 --> 00:19:18 programme, Starliners suffered model
00:19:18 --> 00:19:20 problems during both its unmanned and manned
00:19:20 --> 00:19:23 test flights, including stranding astronauts
00:19:23 --> 00:19:26 on the station for half a year back in 2024
00:19:26 --> 00:19:29 and 2025 after reliability concerns
00:19:29 --> 00:19:31 peaked following spacecraft engine failures
00:19:31 --> 00:19:34 and persistent helium leaks. The
00:19:34 --> 00:19:36 initial return to flight status plans called
00:19:36 --> 00:19:39 for just four manned Starliner missions for
00:19:39 --> 00:19:41 NASA. Now an additional two manned
00:19:41 --> 00:19:44 missions have been slated to transport crew
00:19:44 --> 00:19:46 to the space station, and NASA is also
00:19:46 --> 00:19:48 working to have the United Launch Alliance's
00:19:48 --> 00:19:50 new Vulcan rocket certified for manned
00:19:50 --> 00:19:53 spaceflight after the existing Atlas V
00:19:53 --> 00:19:55 rockets phased out. The new programme
00:19:55 --> 00:19:58 calls for another unmanned Starliner 1
00:19:58 --> 00:20:00 mission to the space station in order to
00:20:00 --> 00:20:02 validate fixes which have now been made to
00:20:02 --> 00:20:04 the spacecraft and to gather more flight data
00:20:05 --> 00:20:07 from there. NASA and Boeing will use what
00:20:07 --> 00:20:09 they've learned to continue implementing any
00:20:09 --> 00:20:11 corrective actions identified and complete
00:20:11 --> 00:20:13 the test, testing and certification required
00:20:13 --> 00:20:16 for manned spaceflight. Then there will be a
00:20:16 --> 00:20:18 ah return to crew missions on Starliner 2 by
00:20:18 --> 00:20:21 2028. Back in February,
00:20:21 --> 00:20:24 NASA released the findings from the agency's
00:20:24 --> 00:20:26 inquiry into Starliner's ongoing problems.
00:20:27 --> 00:20:29 They eventually made no less than 61
00:20:29 --> 00:20:32 recommendations needed to meet the standards
00:20:32 --> 00:20:34 required for future human spaceflight
00:20:34 --> 00:20:37 missions. That report specifically identified
00:20:37 --> 00:20:39 issues with Starliner service module's
00:20:39 --> 00:20:41 reaction control thrusters which were
00:20:41 --> 00:20:43 operating outside their engineering qualific
00:20:44 --> 00:20:46 and that resulted in the loss of control
00:20:46 --> 00:20:48 experienced during the Starliner crew flight
00:20:48 --> 00:20:51 test mission. Through significant ground
00:20:51 --> 00:20:53 testing and analysis, NASA and Boeing have
00:20:53 --> 00:20:55 learned that the service module thruster
00:20:55 --> 00:20:56 performance issues resulted from a
00:20:56 --> 00:20:59 combination of factors including the thermal
00:20:59 --> 00:21:01 environment as well as features inherent to
00:21:01 --> 00:21:04 the design itself. Based on these findings,
00:21:04 --> 00:21:07 Boeing has now made thermal modifications to
00:21:07 --> 00:21:09 the spacecraft service module, which NASA
00:21:09 --> 00:21:11 will now uh evaluate for improved performance
00:21:11 --> 00:21:14 on the Starliner 1 test mission. NASA
00:21:14 --> 00:21:16 and Boeing have also decided to implement an
00:21:16 --> 00:21:18 additional thruster valve design modification
00:21:18 --> 00:21:21 in support of the spacecraft certification
00:21:21 --> 00:21:24 for future crewed flight. Right now, the
00:21:24 --> 00:21:26 unmanned Starliner 1 mission has the
00:21:26 --> 00:21:28 potential to fly as soon as December this
00:21:28 --> 00:21:30 year, although January next year is more
00:21:30 --> 00:21:33 likely. That will serve as an engineering
00:21:33 --> 00:21:36 evaluation mission to verify improved thermal
00:21:36 --> 00:21:38 environments, obtain necessary performance
00:21:38 --> 00:21:40 data for system qualifications and identify
00:21:40 --> 00:21:43 residual risks ahead of any manned missions.
00:21:44 --> 00:21:46 Following the flight, NASA and Boeing will
00:21:46 --> 00:21:48 complete the service module thruster valve
00:21:48 --> 00:21:50 design modifications addressing poppet seal
00:21:50 --> 00:21:53 extrusion and its adverse effects on thruster
00:21:53 --> 00:21:56 performance. Boeing will also implement other
00:21:56 --> 00:21:58 improvements across the spacecraft, including
00:21:58 --> 00:22:00 the installation of new crew module
00:22:00 --> 00:22:03 thrusters, new batteries and modifications to
00:22:03 --> 00:22:05 the parachute system for improved performance
00:22:05 --> 00:22:07 and reliability. Modifications already
00:22:07 --> 00:22:10 made to the design include removing the
00:22:10 --> 00:22:12 entire wiring harness, which is fitted with
00:22:12 --> 00:22:15 insulation that was prone to catch fire.
00:22:15 --> 00:22:18 Clearly, Starliner hasn't been good for
00:22:18 --> 00:22:21 Boeing's quality control. This is
00:22:21 --> 00:22:21 space, time.
00:22:37 --> 00:22:39 And time now to take another brief look at
00:22:39 --> 00:22:41 some of the other stories making news in
00:22:41 --> 00:22:43 Science this week with a Science report.
00:22:44 --> 00:22:46 A new study has warned that every 10%
00:22:46 --> 00:22:49 increase in emergency room occupancy levels
00:22:49 --> 00:22:51 leads to a 1% increase in death rates.
00:22:52 --> 00:22:54 The findings, reported to the European
00:22:54 --> 00:22:56 Emergency Medical Congress, looked into data
00:22:56 --> 00:22:59 on over 19 patients treated at
00:22:59 --> 00:23:01 134ers across the UK
00:23:02 --> 00:23:04 and compared the number of patient deaths
00:23:04 --> 00:23:06 within 28 days of being treated against how
00:23:06 --> 00:23:08 many patients were being seen on the same
00:23:08 --> 00:23:11 day. The study clearly showed that
00:23:11 --> 00:23:14 on average, emergency rooms were operating at
00:23:14 --> 00:23:17 175% occupancy, and when
00:23:17 --> 00:23:19 overcrowding started to push patients into
00:23:19 --> 00:23:21 being seen in corridors, there was also an
00:23:21 --> 00:23:23 increased risk of dying, which was in line
00:23:23 --> 00:23:26 with the risk associated with the occupancy
00:23:26 --> 00:23:29 rates. And these problems aren't unique
00:23:29 --> 00:23:32 to British emergency rooms. We find
00:23:32 --> 00:23:34 exactly the same overcrowding and ramping
00:23:34 --> 00:23:36 taking place in the United States and across
00:23:37 --> 00:23:38 Australian hospitals as well as
00:23:40 --> 00:23:42 A new study warns that scientists are still
00:23:42 --> 00:23:45 unsure about the true threat status of around
00:23:45 --> 00:23:47 one in three Australian bird species,
00:23:47 --> 00:23:50 including 48 threatened species of bird.
00:23:50 --> 00:23:52 The findings, reported in the Journal of
00:23:52 --> 00:23:54 Pacific Conservation Biology, highlights a
00:23:54 --> 00:23:56 major challenge for efforts to prioritise
00:23:56 --> 00:23:59 bird conservation. The authors also found
00:23:59 --> 00:24:01 that the low levels of certainty were more
00:24:01 --> 00:24:04 pronounced among near threatened species,
00:24:04 --> 00:24:06 with around two in three birds in this group
00:24:06 --> 00:24:09 classified as having low certainty. They say
00:24:09 --> 00:24:11 it shows there's uncertainty about species
00:24:11 --> 00:24:13 status even among Australian species
00:24:13 --> 00:24:16 considered at immediate risk of extinction,
00:24:16 --> 00:24:18 and research needs to be targeted at those
00:24:18 --> 00:24:20 species with the lowest level of certainty.
00:24:22 --> 00:24:24 Archaeologists say they've found evidence
00:24:24 --> 00:24:26 suggesting there are hidden chambers in the
00:24:26 --> 00:24:28 tomb of Tutankhamun in Egypt's Valley of the
00:24:28 --> 00:24:31 Kings. A report in the Journal of the
00:24:31 --> 00:24:33 Occasional Papers of the Amarna Royal Tombs
00:24:33 --> 00:24:36 Project claims the as yet unexplored chambers
00:24:36 --> 00:24:38 of King Tut's tomb could hold the remains of
00:24:38 --> 00:24:41 the Egyptian queen Nefertiti. The authors
00:24:41 --> 00:24:43 are basing their assertions on geophysical
00:24:43 --> 00:24:45 surveys, including the first use of
00:24:45 --> 00:24:48 gravitational techniques to probe the density
00:24:48 --> 00:24:50 of the ground around the boy king's tomb
00:24:50 --> 00:24:53 site. A new study
00:24:53 --> 00:24:55 has shown that children who use smartphones
00:24:55 --> 00:24:57 by the age of 12 are more likely to report
00:24:58 --> 00:25:00 eating disorder symptoms like binge eating
00:25:00 --> 00:25:03 and tying self worth to weight by
00:25:03 --> 00:25:05 age 14. Almost one in four kids who have a
00:25:05 --> 00:25:08 smartphone at age 12 reported at least one
00:25:08 --> 00:25:10 eating disorder symptoms, compared to fewer
00:25:10 --> 00:25:12 than one in six kids who didn't have a
00:25:12 --> 00:25:15 smartphone by age 12. A report in the Journal
00:25:15 --> 00:25:17 of the American Medical association claims
00:25:17 --> 00:25:20 unsupervised smartphone use at an earlier
00:25:20 --> 00:25:22 age may be increasing exposure to appearance
00:25:22 --> 00:25:25 focused social media during puberty, a time
00:25:25 --> 00:25:28 when kids are especially vulnerable. The
00:25:28 --> 00:25:30 authors say sleep deprivation due to screen
00:25:30 --> 00:25:33 use could also alter appetite and emotions.
00:25:33 --> 00:25:36 They say these findings all support the idea
00:25:36 --> 00:25:38 of delaying the age when kids ah, are first
00:25:38 --> 00:25:40 given smartphones
00:25:41 --> 00:25:43 Big news in the world of tech this week, with
00:25:43 --> 00:25:45 Australia's federal government again trying
00:25:45 --> 00:25:47 to control what you can see online with its
00:25:47 --> 00:25:50 latest 1984 Big Brother star
00:25:50 --> 00:25:52 legislation. And Microsoft's released a new
00:25:52 --> 00:25:55 update for its Windows 11 operating system,
00:25:55 --> 00:25:57 consolidating lots of previous updates you
00:25:57 --> 00:26:00 may have missed. With the details, we're
00:26:00 --> 00:26:02 joined by Technology editor Alex Ah Sahar of
00:26:02 --> 00:26:02 Royt from
00:26:02 --> 00:26:05 Jonathan Nally: Tech Advice Live just launched version
00:26:05 --> 00:26:08 26H2. Now. Rather than any
00:26:08 --> 00:26:10 spectacular new features, this is a
00:26:10 --> 00:26:12 lightweight, cumulative update and it
00:26:12 --> 00:26:14 consolidates a year's worth of feature
00:26:14 --> 00:26:16 rollouts. Basically, it's for those people
00:26:16 --> 00:26:18 who've been delaying their upgrades for
00:26:18 --> 00:26:20 whatever reason. One of the things that you
00:26:20 --> 00:26:23 could do with the old Windows 10 and earlier
00:26:23 --> 00:26:24 taskbar was you could move it up, down, left
00:26:24 --> 00:26:26 or right anywhere on the screen that you
00:26:26 --> 00:26:28 wanted. So this taskbar flexibility has
00:26:28 --> 00:26:31 returned. You can now also toggle a smaller
00:26:31 --> 00:26:34 size taskbar option. They've redesigned the
00:26:34 --> 00:26:36 Start menu again. You've got sizing controls,
00:26:36 --> 00:26:38 we've got smaller versus larger displays.
00:26:38 --> 00:26:40 You've got different sections for pinned
00:26:40 --> 00:26:43 recent, which is typical recommended, and all
00:26:43 --> 00:26:45 apps. And you can even have a category or
00:26:45 --> 00:26:47 grid views and you can hide your name or
00:26:47 --> 00:26:49 profile picture for a cleaner presentation.
00:26:49 --> 00:26:52 But I know people who still use the Start11
00:26:52 --> 00:26:54 app from Stardoc Software, which actually
00:26:54 --> 00:26:57 returns the old Start menu back. You
00:26:57 --> 00:26:59 can have the Windows XP Start menu, the
00:26:59 --> 00:27:02 Windows 95 Start menu, the Windows 7 Start
00:27:02 --> 00:27:03 menu. I mean, I know people who just prefer
00:27:03 --> 00:27:06 that and I put it on for them and they like
00:27:06 --> 00:27:08 it. I mean, if you've been getting automatic
00:27:08 --> 00:27:09 updates all this time and haven't sort of
00:27:10 --> 00:27:12 purposefully paused for any length of time,
00:27:12 --> 00:27:14 then you probably have most of those updates
00:27:14 --> 00:27:15 already. This is just sort of one big
00:27:15 --> 00:27:16 consolidation now.
00:27:16 --> 00:27:18 Stuart Gary: Uh, while I've got you new Legislation
00:27:18 --> 00:27:20 introduced by Australia's Labour government
00:27:20 --> 00:27:23 will give the Communications Minister, Anika
00:27:23 --> 00:27:25 Wells, the power to quite literally censor
00:27:25 --> 00:27:28 and ban any online content that she doesn't
00:27:28 --> 00:27:30 like. Now, this is the second time the
00:27:30 --> 00:27:32 Albanese government's trying to push this, I
00:27:32 --> 00:27:33 think, unprecedented power through
00:27:33 --> 00:27:35 Parliament. They failed last time because,
00:27:35 --> 00:27:37 well, it blatantly violates freedom of
00:27:37 --> 00:27:39 speech. This is a common practice in
00:27:39 --> 00:27:41 socialist and fascist governments. But to me
00:27:41 --> 00:27:44 it sounds awfully like 1984's Big
00:27:44 --> 00:27:45 Brother. What say you?
00:27:45 --> 00:27:48 Jonathan Nally: Absolutely. I mean, this has been a problem
00:27:48 --> 00:27:51 not just with the Labour, socialist, you
00:27:51 --> 00:27:53 know, communist type governments, but Richard
00:27:53 --> 00:27:55 Alston of the Conservative Party in
00:27:55 --> 00:27:57 Australia. I mean, they were trying all sorts
00:27:57 --> 00:27:59 of Internet filters and things as well. So
00:27:59 --> 00:28:00 both sides of politics, the left and right,
00:28:00 --> 00:28:03 are, uh, wings of the same bird. And so, you
00:28:03 --> 00:28:05 know, government. The Uni Party. Yes, the Uni
00:28:05 --> 00:28:07 Party. And governments want control over
00:28:07 --> 00:28:09 their people. They want to stifle dissent.
00:28:09 --> 00:28:11 And, you know, Anthony, uh, Albaneji, the
00:28:11 --> 00:28:13 current Prime Minister, was asked a couple of
00:28:13 --> 00:28:14 years back, you know, what he would do if he
00:28:14 --> 00:28:17 had unlimited power. And his response, which
00:28:17 --> 00:28:19 is effectively terrifying, is that he'd get
00:28:19 --> 00:28:21 rid of social media so that he couldn't be
00:28:21 --> 00:28:23 criticised. He's criticised the images of him
00:28:23 --> 00:28:25 looking like a clown or other unflattering
00:28:25 --> 00:28:27 images. And it's like, mate, you know the
00:28:27 --> 00:28:29 people that try and censor speech, the people
00:28:29 --> 00:28:31 that try and shut things down, they're never
00:28:31 --> 00:28:33 the good guys in history. Never the good
00:28:33 --> 00:28:33 guys.
00:28:33 --> 00:28:36 Stuart Gary: That's Alex Zaharov, Roy from TechAdvice
00:28:36 --> 00:28:38 Life. And this is Space Time.
00:28:54 --> 00:28:57 And that's the show for now. Space Time is
00:28:57 --> 00:28:59 available every Monday, Wednesday and Friday
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00:29:39 --> 00:29:42 details. You've been listening to Space Time
00:29:42 --> 00:29:45 with Stuart Gary. This has been another
00:29:45 --> 00:29:48 quality podcast production from bytes.com.