S27E101: Mars' Hidden Oceans, Galactic Clusters' Growth, and Aussie Satellites Aboard ISS

[00:00:00] [SPEAKER_01]: This is SpaceTime Series 27 Episode 101, full broadcast on the 21st of August 2024.

[00:00:06] [SPEAKER_01]: Coming up on SpaceTime… Oceans of water found on Mars!

[00:00:11] [SPEAKER_01]: A new study shows galaxies in dense environments tend to grow bigger.

[00:00:16] [SPEAKER_01]: And three Australian satellites arrive aboard the International Space Station.

[00:00:21] [SPEAKER_01]: All that and more coming up on SpaceTime.

[00:00:25] [SPEAKER_02]: Welcome to SpaceTime with Stuart Gary.

[00:00:44] [SPEAKER_01]: Scientists have found evidence of oceans of liquid water deep under the Martian surface,

[00:00:50] [SPEAKER_01]: enough to cover the Red Planet to a depth of more than a kilometre.

[00:00:54] [SPEAKER_01]: The findings, reported in the Journal of the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,

[00:00:58] [SPEAKER_01]: are based on seismic activity observations recorded by NASA's Mars InSight lander mission

[00:01:03] [SPEAKER_01]: which monitored seismic data from marsquakes and asteroid impacts.

[00:01:07] [SPEAKER_01]: The discovery provides one answer to the long-standing question of what happened

[00:01:11] [SPEAKER_01]: to Mars' water as the planet transitioned from a warm, wet world to a freeze-dried

[00:01:17] [SPEAKER_01]: desert billions of years ago as the planet's atmosphere eroded into space.

[00:01:22] [SPEAKER_01]: The new analysis shows that these vast reservoirs of liquid water are located in

[00:01:26] [SPEAKER_01]: tiny cracks and pores in the rock in the middle of the Martian crust, between 11 and 20 kilometres

[00:01:32] [SPEAKER_01]: below the surface, meaning it would be inaccessible for future manned missions to Mars.

[00:01:37] [SPEAKER_01]: NASA's InSight lander was sent to Mars in 2018 to investigate the crust, mantle, core and atmosphere

[00:01:43] [SPEAKER_01]: and it recorded invaluable information about the Martian interior before its mission ended in 2022.

[00:01:50] [SPEAKER_01]: InSight greatly exceeded expectations, helping to determine the planet's internal structure,

[00:01:56] [SPEAKER_01]: the thickness of its crust, the depth and composition of the core,

[00:01:59] [SPEAKER_01]: and even the temperature within the mantle. InSight detected marsquakes up to around a

[00:02:04] [SPEAKER_01]: magnitude 5, meteor impacts and rumblings from volcanic areas, all of which produced seismic

[00:02:10] [SPEAKER_01]: waves, allowing geophysicists to probe the interior. Previous research showed that above

[00:02:15] [SPEAKER_01]: a depth of about 5 kilometres, the upper Martian crust doesn't contain any water ice.

[00:02:21] [SPEAKER_01]: But this new study analysed the deeper crust and concluded that the available data is best

[00:02:26] [SPEAKER_01]: explained by a water-saturated mid-crust below InSight's location.

[00:02:31] [SPEAKER_01]: Now, assuming the crust is similar throughout the planet, the authors argue there should be

[00:02:35] [SPEAKER_01]: more water in this mid-crust zone than the volumes proposed to have filled hypothesised

[00:02:40] [SPEAKER_01]: ancient Martian oceans. One of the study's authors, Vashon Wright from San Diego Scripps

[00:02:46] [SPEAKER_01]: Institution of Oceanography, says understanding the Martian water cycle is critical for understanding

[00:02:51] [SPEAKER_01]: the evolution of the planet's climate, its surface and its interior. It's a useful starting

[00:02:57] [SPEAKER_01]: point to identify where water is and how much there is. To undertake their study, the authors

[00:03:02] [SPEAKER_01]: used a mathematical model of rock physics identical to models used on Earth to map

[00:03:07] [SPEAKER_01]: underground aquifers and oil fields. This let them determine that the seismic data from InSight

[00:03:13] [SPEAKER_01]: could be best explained by a deep layer of fractured igneous rock saturated with liquid water.

[00:03:18] [SPEAKER_01]: Igneous rocks are cooled hot magmas, like granite and basalt. Intriguingly, this discovery

[00:03:24] [SPEAKER_01]: pinpoints another promising place to look for life on Mars, if they could ever drill that deep.

[00:03:30] [SPEAKER_01]: You see, there's no reason to assume an underwater reservoir on Mars wouldn't be a habitable

[00:03:34] [SPEAKER_01]: environment for life. After all, it's certainly true here on Earth, where even the deepest

[00:03:39] [SPEAKER_01]: mineshafts have been found to play host to microbial life. This is space-time.

[00:03:45] [SPEAKER_01]: Still to come, a new study shows galaxies in dense environments tend to get bigger,

[00:03:51] [SPEAKER_01]: and three Australian satellites arrive aboard the International Space Station.

[00:03:55] [SPEAKER_01]: All that and more still to come on Space Time. A new study has shown that galaxies located within

[00:04:16] [SPEAKER_01]: galaxy clusters, and lots of other galaxies nearby, tend to be up to 25% larger than more

[00:04:22] [SPEAKER_01]: isolated galaxies drifting through the darkness of the cosmos alone. The findings reported in

[00:04:29] [SPEAKER_01]: Astrophysical Journal are showing a constant size rule, even when accounting for their counterparts

[00:04:35] [SPEAKER_01]: with similar shapes and mass. The research, which used a new machine learning tool to

[00:04:40] [SPEAKER_01]: analyze millions of galaxies, helped resolve a long-standing debate among astrophysicists

[00:04:44] [SPEAKER_01]: over the relationship between a galaxy's size and its environment. The findings are also raising

[00:04:50] [SPEAKER_01]: new questions about how galaxies form and evolve over billions of years. The study's lead author,

[00:04:56] [SPEAKER_01]: Aritra Ghosh from the University of Washington, says current theories of galaxy formation and

[00:05:01] [SPEAKER_01]: evolution can't adequately explain the findings that clustered galaxies are larger than their

[00:05:06] [SPEAKER_01]: identical counterparts in less dense regions of the universe. Ghosh says some of what theories

[00:05:11] [SPEAKER_01]: predict and what the surveys are actually finding simply are no longer in agreement,

[00:05:16] [SPEAKER_01]: and so astronomers have to go back to the drawing boards and try and modify existing theories to

[00:05:21] [SPEAKER_01]: better explain the observations. Past studies looking at relationships between galaxy size and

[00:05:27] [SPEAKER_01]: environment have come up with contradictory results. Some determined that galaxies in

[00:05:31] [SPEAKER_01]: clusters were smaller than isolated galaxies, while others came to the opposite conclusion.

[00:05:36] [SPEAKER_01]: Now the important point here is these studies are all much smaller in scope based on observations

[00:05:41] [SPEAKER_01]: of just a few hundreds or thousands of galaxies. But in this new study, Ghosh and colleagues have

[00:05:47] [SPEAKER_01]: utilized a survey of millions of galaxies conducted by the Subaru telescope in Hawaii.

[00:05:52] [SPEAKER_01]: The authors then selected approximately three million galaxies with highest quality data and

[00:05:57] [SPEAKER_01]: used a machine learning algorithm to determine the size of each one. They then essentially placed a

[00:06:02] [SPEAKER_01]: circle, one with a radius of around 30 million light years, around each of these galaxies in

[00:06:08] [SPEAKER_01]: order to represent their immediate vicinity in order to determine how many neighboring galaxies

[00:06:12] [SPEAKER_01]: were within that circle. And the answer showed a clear general trend. Galaxies with more neighbors

[00:06:18] [SPEAKER_01]: were also on average much larger. The reason could be that densely clustered galaxies are simply larger

[00:06:25] [SPEAKER_01]: when they first form, or are more likely to undergo efficient mergers with close neighbors.

[00:06:31] [SPEAKER_01]: But then again, perhaps dark matter is the reason. That mysterious invisible substance that makes up

[00:06:36] [SPEAKER_01]: most of the matter in the universe yet cannot be detected directly by any current means

[00:06:41] [SPEAKER_01]: may be playing a role. After all, all galaxies form within individual halos of dark matter,

[00:06:47] [SPEAKER_01]: and the gravitational pull from those halos is playing a crucial role on how galaxies evolve.

[00:06:53] [SPEAKER_01]: So for now at least, the mystery of galaxies continues. This report from NASA TV.

[00:07:01] [SPEAKER_00]: Looking back some 13 billion years, NASA's Hubble Space Telescope offers a glimpse of

[00:07:07] [SPEAKER_00]: the early universe, revealing countless galaxies in a tiny area of sky. Galaxies are the visible

[00:07:14] [SPEAKER_00]: foundation of the universe, each one a collection of stars, planets, gas, dust, and dark matter,

[00:07:22] [SPEAKER_00]: held together by gravity. Hubble's observations give us insight into how galaxies form,

[00:07:29] [SPEAKER_00]: grow, and evolve through time. Hubble's namesake, astronomer Edwin Hubble, pioneered the study of

[00:07:36] [SPEAKER_00]: galaxies based simply on their appearance. He divided galaxies into three basic forms, ellipticals,

[00:07:44] [SPEAKER_00]: spirals, and irregulars. Labeled the tuning fork diagram, Edwin Hubble's basic arrangement is still

[00:07:51] [SPEAKER_00]: in use today. Elliptical galaxies are nearly spherical to egg-shaped groups of old stars

[00:07:59] [SPEAKER_00]: that lack the gas and dust needed to form new stars. Rotation doesn't play a big part in their

[00:08:05] [SPEAKER_00]: shape. The movements of their stars, often in long oval orbits, determines an elliptical shape.

[00:08:12] [SPEAKER_00]: Elliptical galaxies are often near the center of galaxy clusters, suggesting they may form when

[00:08:18] [SPEAKER_00]: galaxies merge. The best known galaxies are spirals. The center of a spiral galaxy has a large,

[00:08:28] [SPEAKER_00]: roughly spherical swarm of stars called a bulge. This bulge looks similar to an elliptical galaxy,

[00:08:35] [SPEAKER_00]: but spirals differ from ellipticals because they rotate. Rotation gives spiral galaxies the flat

[00:08:41] [SPEAKER_00]: disk that holds their spiral-shaped arms. Unlike ellipticals, spirals have a mix of young and old

[00:08:48] [SPEAKER_00]: stars. Star formation in spirals is similar to a traffic jam on the interstate. Like cars on the

[00:08:56] [SPEAKER_00]: highway, slower moving matter in the spiral's disk creates a bottleneck, concentrating star-forming

[00:09:02] [SPEAKER_00]: gas and dust along the inner part of their spiral arms. This traffic jam of matter can get so dense

[00:09:09] [SPEAKER_00]: that it gravitationally collapses, creating new stars. Spiral galaxies are subdivided into unbarred

[00:09:18] [SPEAKER_00]: and barred, and organized by the size of their central bulge and how tightly their arms are wound.

[00:09:24] [SPEAKER_00]: Bars form in spiral galaxies when star orbits become unstable and stretched out. As their

[00:09:31] [SPEAKER_00]: orbits lengthen, they create a bar. The bar grows as gravity captures more nearby stars.

[00:09:38] [SPEAKER_00]: Irregular galaxies don't fit into one of the other categories. They are shapeless and have no symmetry

[00:09:44] [SPEAKER_00]: or ordered structure. Irregulars may hold old and young stars and often have knots of gas and dust

[00:09:52] [SPEAKER_00]: forming new stars. Astronomers have expanded Edwin Hubble's basic tuning fork diagram to include

[00:09:59] [SPEAKER_00]: galaxies that fall between his three categories. Intermediate spiral galaxies sit between unbarred

[00:10:06] [SPEAKER_00]: and barred spirals and have a small bar. Lenticular galaxies sit between elliptical galaxies and

[00:10:13] [SPEAKER_00]: spirals. They have a central bulge of stars and a flattened disk, but no spiral arms. Like ellipticals,

[00:10:21] [SPEAKER_00]: lenticular galaxies don't have much gas and dust and also have mainly old stars. When viewed edge-on,

[00:10:28] [SPEAKER_00]: their shape resembles a lens, which is why they're called lenticular.

[00:10:33] [SPEAKER_00]: Edwin Hubble's tuning fork was a first step in understanding galaxies and how they evolve.

[00:10:39] [SPEAKER_00]: Observations by the Hubble Space Telescope will continue to improve our understanding of galaxies

[00:10:44] [SPEAKER_01]: and their role in the evolution of the universe. This is Space Time. Still to come, three Australian

[00:10:53] [SPEAKER_01]: satellites arrive aboard the International Space Station and later in the Science Report,

[00:10:58] [SPEAKER_01]: new figures confirm July was the 14th consecutive month of record-breaking heat.

[00:11:03] [SPEAKER_01]: All that and more still to come on Space Time.

[00:11:21] [SPEAKER_01]: Meltrock Grumman's Cygnus NG-21 cargo ship has successfully docked with the International

[00:11:26] [SPEAKER_01]: Space Station, carrying fresh supplies and equipment including three Australian-built

[00:11:31] [SPEAKER_01]: experimental satellites. The launch aboard a SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket from Space Launch Complex

[00:11:37] [SPEAKER_01]: 40 at the Cape Canaveral Space Force Station in Florida was delayed by a day due to bad weather.

[00:11:44] [SPEAKER_01]: And the mission suffered some initial problems once in orbit, with Cygnus missing its first

[00:11:48] [SPEAKER_01]: scheduled engine burn due to a late entry to burn sequencing. The burn was rescheduled but

[00:11:54] [SPEAKER_01]: then aborted when engine sensors detected low initial pressure. Cygnus deployed its two solar

[00:11:59] [SPEAKER_01]: arrays as Northrop Grumman engineers investigated the issue. Eventually they determined the pressure

[00:12:05] [SPEAKER_01]: reading was acceptable and they commanded Cygnus to undertake two engine burns, putting it on a

[00:12:09] [SPEAKER_01]: trajectory to meet the orbital outposts it scheduled docking onto the station's Unity

[00:12:13] [SPEAKER_01]: modules in a deport 40 hours after launch. The spacecraft was loaded with some 3,857 kilograms

[00:12:20] [SPEAKER_01]: of cargo. The manifest included just over 1,000 kilograms of crew supplies, 1,220 kilograms of

[00:12:27] [SPEAKER_01]: scientific experiments. These included equipment for stem cell research in microgravity, an

[00:12:33] [SPEAKER_01]: investigation to explore how spaceflight affects DNA repair mechanisms, and the Packed Bed Reactor

[00:12:39] [SPEAKER_01]: Experiment Water Recovery Series which will evaluate gravity's effects on eight test articles.

[00:12:45] [SPEAKER_01]: By the way, packed bed reactors are systems using materials such as pellets and beads packed

[00:12:49] [SPEAKER_01]: inside a structure to increase contact between different phases of fluids such as liquid and gas.

[00:12:55] [SPEAKER_01]: These reactors are used for various applications including water recovery, thermal management,

[00:13:00] [SPEAKER_01]: and fuel cells. Also aboard Cygnus were 43 kilograms of spacewalk equipment, 13 kilograms

[00:13:07] [SPEAKER_01]: of computer resources, and 1,560 kilograms of space station hardware including repair equipment

[00:13:14] [SPEAKER_01]: for the Neutron Star Interior Composition Explorer or NISA telescope. Cygnus also carried the Binar

[00:13:20] [SPEAKER_01]: 2, 3, and 4 CubeSats built by Curtin University. They'll be deployed into their own orbits from

[00:13:26] [SPEAKER_01]: the Japanese Kibo module by the space station crew within the next few weeks. Once deployed,

[00:13:32] [SPEAKER_01]: the CubeSats which are carrying experimental technologies will orbit the Earth every 90 minutes

[00:13:37] [SPEAKER_01]: for between 6 and 12 months at an orbital altitude of 400 kilometers. The satellites

[00:13:43] [SPEAKER_01]: are carrying instrumentation developed by the CSIRO to test how new materials can protect

[00:13:48] [SPEAKER_01]: electronics against the harmful effects of space radiation. They'll also test new transmitters and

[00:13:54] [SPEAKER_01]: antenna communication systems developed by Perth-based company AVI. This latest Binar Trio

[00:13:59] [SPEAKER_01]: followed a successful orbital deployment of the original Binar 1 CubeSat in August 2021.

[00:14:05] [SPEAKER_01]: That satellite used an innovative design which put all the satellite systems onto the one-circuit

[00:14:11] [SPEAKER_01]: board. Binar 1 eventually re-entered Earth's atmosphere and burnt up as planned in October 2022.

[00:14:17] [SPEAKER_01]: For most Cygnus missions have been launched aboard Northrop Grumman Antares rockets from

[00:14:22] [SPEAKER_01]: NASA's Wallops Island Flight Facility on the Virginian Mid-Atlantic coast, NG-21 is the second

[00:14:27] [SPEAKER_01]: of three missions slated to launch on Falcon 9s from Cape Canaveral. You see, Northrop Grumman

[00:14:33] [SPEAKER_01]: exhausted its supply of Antares 230 rockets after the NG-19 mission. Although the Antares is built

[00:14:40] [SPEAKER_01]: in the United States, it uses Russian-built rocket engines and a Ukrainian-built first stage,

[00:14:45] [SPEAKER_01]: and production of those ceased after the Russian invasion of Ukraine. So Northrop Grumman instead

[00:14:51] [SPEAKER_01]: began developing a next-generation Antares 300 rocket, one which does not need Ukrainian or

[00:14:57] [SPEAKER_01]: Russian components. It's slated to be ready to fly on the NG-23 mission in August 2025.

[00:15:04] [SPEAKER_01]: But as an interim solution, Northrop Grumman contracted its NASA Commercial Resupply Service

[00:15:08] [SPEAKER_01]: competitor SpaceX to launch NG-20, 21 and 22 using Falcon 9s. This is Space Time.

[00:15:31] [SPEAKER_01]: And time now to take another brief look at some of the other stories making use in science this week

[00:15:36] [SPEAKER_01]: with the Science Report. A new study by scientists at the Walter and Eliza Hall Medical Research

[00:15:42] [SPEAKER_01]: Institute could help solve a long-standing mystery into why a key immune system organ called the

[00:15:48] [SPEAKER_01]: thymus shrinks and loses its function as people get older. The thymus is important because it

[00:15:54] [SPEAKER_01]: produces T lymphocytes. They're a type of white blood cell that plays a crucial role in the

[00:15:58] [SPEAKER_01]: immune system. They're essential for good health and they're responsible for fighting infections

[00:16:03] [SPEAKER_01]: and cancer. A curious feature of the thymus is that it's the first organ to shrink as you get

[00:16:09] [SPEAKER_01]: older, and by the time you hit 65 it's almost gone, ending T cell production. The new research

[00:16:16] [SPEAKER_01]: reported in the journal Nature discovered two cell types that caused the thymus to lose its function.

[00:16:22] [SPEAKER_01]: These cells were found to form clusters around T cell growth areas, impairing the organ's ability

[00:16:27] [SPEAKER_01]: to make these immune cells. The authors also discovered that these clusters form scars in

[00:16:33] [SPEAKER_01]: the thymus, preventing the organ from restoring and repairing itself after damage. The new findings

[00:16:38] [SPEAKER_01]: will allow scientists to investigate whether these cells can be therapeutically targeted in order to

[00:16:43] [SPEAKER_01]: help turn back the clock on the aging thymus and boost T cell functions in humans as they age.

[00:16:50] [SPEAKER_01]: More details now on a story we ran earlier this month when the World Meteorological Organization

[00:16:55] [SPEAKER_01]: reported that July was likely the hottest month on record. It now turns out July was also the

[00:17:01] [SPEAKER_01]: 14th consecutive month of record-breaking heat. The extreme heat hit hundreds of millions of

[00:17:07] [SPEAKER_01]: people throughout July. Globally, July the 22nd was the hottest day with the 23rd a virtual tie.

[00:17:14] [SPEAKER_01]: The highest monthly average July temperatures on record occurred in Japan, China, Bahrain, Greece,

[00:17:19] [SPEAKER_01]: Hungary, Slovenia, Croatia and Bulgaria, while new daily temperature records were set in Morocco

[00:17:25] [SPEAKER_01]: and Spain. The WMO says the spike in average global temperatures is likely due at least in part to

[00:17:32] [SPEAKER_01]: very high average temperatures over large parts of the Antarctic, with temperatures there more

[00:17:37] [SPEAKER_01]: than 10 degrees Celsius above average in some places. Programmers have discovered that using

[00:17:44] [SPEAKER_01]: artificial intelligence-generated data sets to train future generations of machine learning models

[00:17:49] [SPEAKER_01]: might pollute their output, causing model collapse. A study reported in the journal Nature found that

[00:17:56] [SPEAKER_01]: within just a few generations original content was replaced by unrelated nonsense. The authors

[00:18:02] [SPEAKER_01]: used mathematical models to show that AI may overlook certain outputs in training data,

[00:18:07] [SPEAKER_01]: such as less common lines of text, causing it to train itself on only a small portion of the data

[00:18:12] [SPEAKER_01]: set. And when data sets mostly created with AI were used to train AI models, the authors found

[00:18:18] [SPEAKER_01]: that it degraded their ability to learn and even caused them to display repeating phrases. For

[00:18:23] [SPEAKER_01]: example, a test using text about medieval architecture as original input eventually

[00:18:28] [SPEAKER_01]: output a list of jackrabbits by generation nine. Well as we mentioned last week, Google have finally

[00:18:35] [SPEAKER_01]: released the new AI-equipped Pixel smartphone range and our technology editor Alex Harov-Reut

[00:18:40] [SPEAKER_03]: from TechAdvice Start Life has been playing with them. Now the Pixel 9 is their sort of entry-level

[00:18:46] [SPEAKER_03]: phone but it's got the same chip, the G4, the tensor processing unit that the more advanced

[00:18:52] [SPEAKER_03]: models have. It's got a 48 megapixel camera, beautiful design, sort of takes design cues

[00:18:56] [SPEAKER_03]: from the iPhone a bit, but it's a really striking point. Then I've got the Pro 9 which is the same

[00:19:02] [SPEAKER_03]: size and then they have the Pro XL which is the largest 6.8 inch size and so what they've done

[00:19:07] [SPEAKER_03]: is the same sort of thing as Apple, they have two Pro phones but unlike Apple the only difference

[00:19:11] [SPEAKER_03]: is the size. The check-in side is the same and the Pro ones have three cameras, 16 gig of RAM.

[00:19:16] [SPEAKER_03]: The thing that sets these phones apart from the rest of the market is the fact that Google has

[00:19:21] [SPEAKER_03]: built AI in from the ground level as much as possible. In fact, they're still rewriting Android

[00:19:25] [SPEAKER_03]: so that AI is baked at the core. But you now have this Gemini Nano large language within the phone

[00:19:32] [SPEAKER_03]: doing as much of the work on device as possible. So you can be recording phone calls and see the

[00:19:38] [SPEAKER_03]: notes and transcriptions and get insights, you can be using the call waiting which I've had before

[00:19:42] [SPEAKER_03]: for the phone to be answering the phone for you, waiting in the call tree, predicting how long you

[00:19:47] [SPEAKER_03]: wait and hold. I mean I've had some of those things before but it's now improved. But you also have

[00:19:50] [SPEAKER_03]: this Gemini Live. Now to get the full access to Gemini Live you will need to pay fee for that

[00:19:56] [SPEAKER_03]: but this is where you've effectively got the equivalent of chat GPT multi-modal so I can

[00:20:01] [SPEAKER_03]: speak to it, show it things from the camera and let it listen to music and tell you what it is.

[00:20:07] [SPEAKER_03]: But now it's all being done on device and the Gemini Live can take actions for you within apps.

[00:20:13] [SPEAKER_03]: You do have to give it permission to look at your calendar or your emails but Google is outwitting

[00:20:18] [SPEAKER_03]: Apple and even Samsung. Apple's equivalent to Siri 2.0 won't arrive for some time in 2025.

[00:20:25] [SPEAKER_03]: The other big thing besides a new 45mm watch and the new earbuds that are able to give double the

[00:20:31] [SPEAKER_03]: noise cancellation but the other great thing that launched is the Pixel Fold 2nd generation which

[00:20:36] [SPEAKER_03]: has the name of the Pixel 9 Pro Fold. That is the biggest screen on a smartphone so when you unfold

[00:20:42] [SPEAKER_03]: it, it is 8 inches. When you have it closed, it's the same as the regular 9 and the 9 Pro and the

[00:20:48] [SPEAKER_03]: thickness of each side of the phone when unfolded is dramatically slimmer than any other folding

[00:20:54] [SPEAKER_03]: phone on the market. So when it's folded, it's only 1mm thicker than the traditional Pixel 9

[00:21:00] [SPEAKER_03]: which is quite remarkable because it is the Samsung Fold 6 although it is a millimetre

[00:21:04] [SPEAKER_03]: slimmer than the Fold 5, I mean this is dramatically slimmer and it makes it much easier.

[00:21:09] [SPEAKER_03]: Well it doesn't feel like two phones stuck together which is what a lot of the previous

[00:21:13] [SPEAKER_03]: folding devices were. Effectively you grab two phones, put them together and that's your fold.

[00:21:16] [SPEAKER_03]: So this is much more of a single phone thickness which is an amazing thing to feel and see but one

[00:21:24] [SPEAKER_03]: thing that holds the Pixel Fold 9 Pro back is that it doesn't have any official stylus support when

[00:21:29] [SPEAKER_03]: that is something you've had on the Samsung for years and years. That's Alex Saharov-Reut from

[00:21:33] [SPEAKER_01]: TechAdvice.life and that's the show for now. Space Time is available every Monday, Wednesday

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[00:22:08] [SPEAKER_01]: and from Spacetime with Stuart Garry.com. Space Time is also broadcast through the National Science

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